Nazi Grand Strategy, Genocide, and Dismantlement of the State System, 1941–1945

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-134
Author(s):  
Alexander D. Barder
Keyword(s):  
Logical Consequence ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
Race War

This chapter examines the fusion between a geopolitical imaginary rooted in the state system and Nazi Germany’s specific racialized “imperial” imaginary. Here the idea of race war is at its very center. The key historical moment is during the summer and fall of 1941, when the annihilation of the Jews becomes completely conflated with Germany’s long-term strategic goals. A race war, as conceived by Nazi Germany, was the logical consequence of a social imaginary that joined race, biology, and nature and that transcended politically defined boundaries. There was no prioritization of the geopolitical nation-state over the racial enemy, between geopolitical blocs versus the Jewish “internal” racialized enemy or the external “Asiatic hordes.”

2. States, Nations, and Empires

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Stephanie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Global Order ◽  
European State

This chapter discusses what is often regarded as the central institution, not only of domestic or national political order but also of current international or global order—the state. Alongside the state, we must also consider the idea of the nation and the ideology of nationalism—perhaps the most powerful political ideology to emerge in the modern world. There is, however, another form of international political order that has actually been far more common throughout history, and that is empire. With the rise of modernity from around the beginning of the seventeenth century, we also encounter the rise of the modern state and state system in Europe along with ideas about sovereignty, citizenship, the nation-state, and democracy. The chapter then looks at the effective globalization of the European state system through modern imperialism and colonialism and the extent to which these have been productive of contemporary global order.

scholarly journals REPRESENTASI RADIKALISME DAN DERADIKALISME AGAMA DALAM SASTRA PESANTREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Hat Pujiati
Keyword(s):  
Representation Theory ◽  
State System ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Ideological Position ◽  
Constructionist Approach ◽  
The Government ◽  
A Site ◽  
Historical Moment

Radicalism is not only a challange to a nation-state system but also a threat to the diverse and tolerance of Indonesian. Even literary works are potential to be a site of meanings that fertilizes radicalism through narrations. Therefore, this article scrutinizes the ability of literary texts to support or to counter radicalism in Indonesia. The chosen Sastra Pesantren (Pesantren literature) in this research are Menggapai Kosong by Izzul Muttaqin and Rebbe by Laila Haqy. The focus of this research is ideological position of the author in presenting religious-humanist discourse as a formula of antiradicalism. The analysis is done through a mapping of religious-humanist discourse in the literary texts with considering historical moment and place of the production. Stuart Hall’s representation theory is used in this article. Through constructionist approach this research analyzes the ability of language system in contructing concepts in our minds or to make the material world is meaningfull. The result of this analysis shows that the two pesantren literary works has represented deradicalism as efforts to against religious radicalism. The policies of the government in fighting radicalism have important roles in constructing the divinity and culture of society as recorded by the Pesantren literature.

Italy’s Long Decolonization in the Era of Intergovernmentalism

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-133
Author(s):  
Pamela Ballinger
Keyword(s):  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter situates the story of relief to both national and foreign refugees in Italy in the immediate postwar years within the entangled internationalisms and Italian struggles to reassert and reframe sovereignty in the aftermath of defeat. Although the concept of intergovernmentalism only originated in the 1960s in the context of nascent European integration, in practice it proved a key aspect of interwar and early postwar politics. Indeed, the retrenchment after 1945 of the nation-state in the international state system gained its most obvious expression in the creation of a series of intergovernmental institutions, including the United Nations and its subsidiary agencies (such as UNRRA, the IRO, and finally the UNHCR). In the realm of refugees, these agencies quite literally mediated between the realms of the state and the international; the UNHCR's statute gave expression to this interstitial role with its requirement that aid provided by states to the displaced be distributed through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). In addition, decolonization—which took as its goal national independence and sovereignty—reaffirmed the centrality of the statist principle undergirding the United Nations. The chapter then considers UNRRA's Dodecanese Mission and the 1947 Peace Treaty with Italy.

scholarly journals A Promising Model of the “Symmetrical Federation” State System in the Context of Ensuring National Security of Russia

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
E. I. Foigel ◽  
G. G. Nebratenko ◽  
I. G. Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Perspective Model

The problem of ensuring national security is so important for the Russian Federation that, along with the rule of human rights and freedoms, as well as patriotism, it can become an ideological pillar. The asymmetry of the state system of Russia poses one of the treats to the state security. It invariably affects the vector and pace of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, creates conditions for decentralization and, in the long term, could lead to more serious political consequences. A potential for improvement of the state system lies in strengthening of the institution of plenipotentiary representatives of the President of Russia in the federal districts, as well as in considering the further enlargement of certain constituent entities of the Federation. The fact is that the existing model of the state system that evolved as a result of the Russian Federation succession to the USSR does not any longer comply with the national interest creating a gap in the field of ensuring state security.The existance of the constituent entities that are heterogeneous in territory, population size and composition, economic potential, and the most importantly — the actual amount of political rights granted to ethnos -- inevitably raises the question of the illusory of the equality of peoples settled in the republics, autonomous districts and regions, with other indigenous and non-indigenous small peoples, as well as with the Russians. Such differentiation forms the dynamics of latent migration processes, as well as complicates the criminogenic situation due to “ethnic crime”, including corruption-related crimes, creating problems for the State in the field of law enforcement. This kind of metamorphoses, which require constitutional changes, forces the domestic legal science to develop a perspective model of the state structure of Russia. Discussions on this issue are valuable in themselves, as they allow us to formulate possible directions for the development of the state and law with due regard to the historical destiny and international mission of our State, especially in light of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The considerations stated above mainstream this paper.

scholarly journals ІСТОРИКО-ПРАВОВІ АСПЕКТИ РОЗВИТКУ БЛАГОДІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 321-327
Author(s):  
Р. А. Сербин
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Strict Control ◽  
Retrospective View

У статті проведено аналіз вітчизняного досвіду організації та здійснення благодійної діяльності в історичній ретроспективі та в аспекті нормативно-правового регулювання. Ви­явлено тенденції розвитку благодійності та досліджено особливості нормативно-правового регулювання благодійної діяльності в різні історичні періоди. Проаналізовано розгалужену систему благодійних закладів і товариств. Звернено увагу на те, що використання гро­шових коштів, які спрямовуються на благодійну діяльність, контролювалося державою. Досліджено вироблену багаторічними зусиллями суспільства й держави систему допомоги потребуючим категоріям населення. Зроблено висновок про те, що держава розробляє особливі нормативні документи для благодійних організацій, і про історичний характер матеріального й морального заохочення приватних благодійників.   In the scientific article the analysis of domestic experience of organization and realization of eleemosynary activity in a history retrospective view and in the aspect of the normative-le­gal adjusting is carried out. An attempt to expose the tendencies of development of charity is done. The features of the legal adjusting of eleemosynary activity in a different history period are explored. A conclusion is done, that by the state the special normative documents for el­eemosynary organizations were developed. The ramified system of eleemosynary societies and establishments is explored. Attention is paid to the fact of strict control from the side of the state after the use of money facilities, sending on eleemosynary activity. A conclusion about the history character of encouragement of private philanthropists. moral and material is done. It is analysed produced by long-term efforts of society and state system of help to the needing categories of population.

scholarly journals National Interests, Strategic Goals and Long-Term Security of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
S. V. Kazantsev
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Society ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Well Being ◽  
Strategic Goal

The state and the nation have their interests. They call them “the national interests”. Even though the study of national interests began many centuries ago, there is still no single methodology to determine national interests, let alone quantifying them. National interests largely determine the goals that society sets for itself. Thus, from the national interest “preservation and survival of society” arises the strategic goal of human society, the state, and the nation — to increase the population and ensure its security. The preservation of territorial integrity is one of the national interests, so each state has the goal to preserve its territorial integrity and maintain the territory of its habitat in a life-friendly condition. If a goal is set, there should be indicators of its achievement. For example, for the strategic goal “ensuring socio-economic well-being and growth of well-being” indicators are the volume and dynamics of income of members of the society, the unemployment rate, the coeffiients of differentiation of incomes of the population and some other indexes. The author of this paper has identifid seven strategic goals of a society that correspond to six universally recognized national interests. To quantify the measure of their achievement, the author selected 23 indicators. The author based his choice according to the state of Russian statistics. It turned out that this indicator had a downward trend in 2000–2018, and its flctuations were damped.

Religionist Rebels & the Sovereignty of the Divine

Daedalus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Tanisha M. Fazal
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
War Aims

Existing categorizations of rebel groups have difficulty classifying some of today's most vexing rebels–those, such as the Islamic State, that reject the Westphalian state system and depend on an almost entirely religious justification for their cause. Such rebel groups often have unlimited war aims and are unwilling to negotiate with the states whose sovereignty they challenge. In this essay, I present the new category of “religionist rebels.” I show that religionist rebels have been present throughout the history of the state system, and explore the particular challenges they pose in the civil war context. Religionist rebels are often brutal in their methods and prosecute wars that are especially difficult to end. But the nature of religionist rebellion also suggests natural limits. Thus, religionist rebels do not, ultimately, present a long-term threat to the state system.

Minorities in the Contemporary Egyptian Novel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
First Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Robust Analysis ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Historical Moment

This book examines questions of identity, nationalism, and marginalization in the contemporary Egyptian novel from a postcolonial lens. Under colonial rule, the Egyptian novel invoked a sovereign nation-state by basking in its perceived unity. After independence, the novel professed disenchantment with state practices and unequal class and gender relations, without disrupting the nation’s imagined racial and ethno-religious homogeneity. This book identifies a trend in the twenty-first-century Egyptian novel that shatters this singular view, with the rise of a new consciousness that presents Egypt as fundamentally heterogeneous. Through a robust analysis of “new-consciousness” novels by authors like Idris ᶜAli, Bahaᵓ Tahir, Miral al-Tahawi, and Yusuf Zaydan, the author argues that this new consciousness does not only respond to predominant discourses of difference and practices of differentiation along the axes of race, ethno-religion, class, and gender by bringing the experiences of Nubian, Amazigh, Bedouin, Coptic, Jewish, and women minorities to the fore of Egypt’s literary imaginary, but also heralds the cacophony of voices that collectively cried for social justice from Tahrir Square in Egypt’s 2011-uprising. This study responds to the changing iconographic, semiotic, and formal features of the Egyptian novel. It fulfills the critical task of identifying an emergent novelistic genre and develops historically reflexive methodologies that interpret new-consciousness novels and their mediatory role in formalizing and articulating their historical moment. By adopting this context-specific approach to studying novelistic evolution, this book locates some of the strands that have been missing from the complex whole of Egypt’s culture and literary history.

Power Projects and Covid-19: A Practical Analysis of the Relevance of Force Majeure Clauses under the Standardised Power Purchase and Implementation Agreements of Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
Aisha Naiga ◽  
Loyola Rwabose Karobwa
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
Practical Analysis ◽  
Energy Justice

Over 90% of Uganda's power is generated from renewable sources. Standardised Implementation Agreements and Power Purchase Agreements create a long-term relationship between Generating Companies and the state-owned off-taker guaranteed by Government. The COVID-19 pandemic and measures to curb the spread of the virus have triggered the scrutiny and application of force majeure (FM) clauses in these agreements. This article reviews the FM clauses and considers their relevance. The authors submit that FM clauses are a useful commercial tool for achieving energy justice by ensuring the continuity of the project, despite the dire effects of the pandemic. Proposals are made for practical considerations for a post-COVID-19 future which provides the continued pursuit of policy goals of promoting renewable energy sources and increasing access to clean energy, thus accelerating just energy transitions.

Untimely Development, Ugly History:A Drama in Muslinand the Rejection of National-Historical Time

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-183
Author(s):  
Mary L. Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Historical Time ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Core

This article considers the politics and aesthetics of the colonial Bildungsroman by reading George Moore's often-overlooked novel A Drama in Muslin (1886). It argues that the colonial Bildungsroman does not simply register difference from the metropolitan novel of development or express tension between the core and periphery, as Jed Esty suggests, but rather can imagine a heterogeneous historical time that does not find its end in the nation-state. A Drama in Muslin combines naturalist and realist modes, and moves between Ireland and England to construct a form of untimely development that emphasises political processes (dissent, negotiation) rather than political forms (the state, the nation). Ultimately, the messy, discordant history represented in the novel shows the political potential of anachronism as it celebrates the untimeliness of everyday life.

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