Core Criteria I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford C. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Infinite Regress ◽  
Belief Formation ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Epistemic Criteria ◽  
Problem Of The Criterion

Chapter 3 deals with the first issue one faces in the task of articulating the explicit epistemic criteria for belief: the problem of the criterion. It is tempting to suppose that a belief can be normatively proper from the epistemic point of view only if the believer can certify for herself the reliability of every belief-forming process on which she relied. But insisting on this quickly leads to the threat of an infinite regress. This chapter defends a foundationalist response to this problem, according to which we enjoy a default (albeit defeasible) permission to rely on certain cognitive processes in belief-formation. These are processes that satisfy what the author calls the Reliabilist Rationale. Importantly, our permissions here are social: any one of us is permitted to rely on any token process that satisfies this rationale, whether the token process resides in one’s own mind/brain or that of another epistemic subject.

Do Event-Related Brain Potentials Reflect Mental (Cognitive) Operations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Abstract Most cognitive psychophysiological studies assume (1) that there is a chain of (partially overlapping) cognitive processes (processing stages, mechanisms, operators) leading from stimulus to response, and (2) that components of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) may be regarded as manifestations of these processing stages. What is usually discussed is which particular processing mechanisms are related to some particular component, but not whether such a relationship exists at all. Alternatively, from the point of view of noncognitive (e. g., “naturalistic”) theories of perception ERP components might be conceived of as correlates of extraction of the information from the experimental environment. In a series of experiments, the author attempted to separate these two accounts, i. e., internal variables like mental operations or cognitive parameters versus external variables like information content of stimulation. Whenever this separation could be performed, the latter factor proved to significantly affect ERP amplitudes, whereas the former did not. These data indicate that ERPs cannot be unequivocally linked to processing mechanisms postulated by cognitive models of perception. Therefore, they cannot be regarded as support for these models.

Vicariance, Complexity, Space

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Orientation Course ◽  
Space Navigation ◽  
Action Process

The peculiar topic of this research - perspective taking and spatial navigation - has naturally led to cross over the course of the journey other spatial navigation comprehensions. Specifically, during prototype testing, there were several comparisons with another game, Catching Features1, an orienteering game that tackles the theme of space navigation from a different point of view. The point of view is that of Orienteering, a sports orientation course that consists in making a predefined path with the exclusive help of a compass and a topographic map that represents the details of the territory to be covered. The experimental path of this research has shown that cognitive processes involved in peculiar orienteering activities (map reading, spatial thinking) are also involved in the management of intersubjective relations, and make orienteering a sporting practice with considerable educational potential. This chapter develops by introducing the concept of vicariance, quickly describing orienteering as a sport activity, emphasizing links with Italian national guidelines for the first cycle of education, and, basing on revision of the scientific literature on cognitive processes involved in space navigation and the management of spatial reference systems, provides a proposal for the spread of orientation as an effective didactic practice in a training context aimed at inclusion of pupils Present Special Educational Needs. Paragraph 6.6 discusses the link between autism, empathy and perception – action process, according to neuroscientific evidences.

scholarly journals Economic cognitive institutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Petracca ◽  
Shaun Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Extended Mind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shared Mental Models ◽  
Andy Clark ◽  
The Social ◽  
Douglass North

AbstractThis paper introduces the notion of ‘cognitive’ institution and discusses its relevance to institutional economics. Cognitive institutions are conceptually founded on the philosophy of mind notion of extended mind, broadened to also include the distinctly social, institutional, and normative dimensions. Cognitive institutions are defined as institutions that not just allow agents to perform certain cognitive processes in the social domain but, more importantly, without which some of the agents' cognitive processes would not exist or even be possible. The externalist point of view of the extended mind has already had some influence in institutional economics: Arthur Denzau and Douglass North first introduced the notion of institution understood in terms of ‘shared mental models’, and relatedly philosopher Andy Clark introduced the notion of ‘scaffolding institution’. We discuss shared mental models and scaffolding institutions and go a step further by showing that the notion of cognitive institution can capture more fundamental and salient aspects of economic institutions. In particular, we focus on the market as an economic cognitive institution.

Crystallization of Iron Slags Found in Eraly Medieval Bloomery Furnaces

2010 ◽  
Vol 649 ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béla Török ◽  
Árpád Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Phase ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Metallurgical Process ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Physicochemical Processes ◽  
Tertiary Branch ◽  
Iron Slag ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
By Products

In the last few years iron slag finds from the Late Avar Period (7-9th cent.), the Period of Hungarian conquest (10th cent.) and the Árpáds (11-13th cent.) uncovered in sites of excavation in the Carpathian Basin had been examined. The pieces of slags are by-products of the metallurgical process of bloomery and forming procedure of iron blooms. The structure of the examined slags was very heterogeneous from the metallographic point of view. The amorphous phase as well as panelled and dendritic crystallization can be found, which was the more frequent. Secondary, nay, tertiary branch of dendrite often can be studied, which was the result of gradual cooling. It was typical for its microstructure that minerals formed from oxides of elements with lower atomic number than iron (Al, Mg, Ca, etc.) surround the fayalite-rich parts. These minerals sometimes also have a high quantity of Fe, sometimes those have a very low Fe-content. The examination of microstructure can help to determine the type of the slag, whether it comes from metallurgical (as a tap-slag or cinder) or forming process, and to specify and reconstruct the metallurgical and physicochemical processes in the medieval bloomery.

Pragmatic functions of gestures

Gesture ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kendon
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Persuasive Discourse ◽  
Gesture Studies

Abstract In the eighteenth century and before, gesture was considered from the point of view of how it should be used in oratory, as a part of the art of engaging in persuasive discourse. This contrasts with the interest pursued in modern gesture studies where, for the most part, the hand movements that people make when they speak have been studied as representations of the substantive or propositional content of the utterance, seen as providing clues about the mental or cognitive processes governing speaking. Speaking is also a form of social action, however, and gestures play an important role in this. An historical perspective on the study of gesture from a pragmatic point of view is provided, followed by a summary of the main features of the pragmatic functioning of gesture.

On Machine Symbol Grounding and Optimization

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Autonomous Agent ◽  
Symbol Grounding ◽  
Intrinsic Structure ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Symbolic Process

From the point of view of an autonomous agent the world consists of high-dimensional dynamic sensorimotor data. Interface algorithms translate this data into symbols that are easier to handle for cognitive processes. Symbol grounding is about whether these systems can, based on this data, construct symbols that serve as a vehicle for higher symbol-oriented cognitive processes. Machine learning and data mining techniques are geared towards finding structures and input-output relations in this data by providing appropriate interface algorithms that translate raw data into symbols. This work formulates the interface design as global optimization problem with the objective to maximize the success of the overlying symbolic algorithm. For its implementation various known algorithms from data mining and machine learning turn out to be adequate methods that do not only exploit the intrinsic structure of the subsymbolic data, but that also allow to flexibly adapt to the objectives of the symbolic process. Furthermore, this work discusses the optimization formulation as a functional perspective on symbol grounding that does not hurt the zero semantical commitment condition. A case study illustrates technical details of the machine symbol grounding approach.

Incremental Sheet Forming with an Industrial Robot – Forming Limits and Their Effect on Component Design

2005 ◽  
Vol 6-8 ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lamminen
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Forming Limit Diagram ◽  
Sheet Forming ◽  
Incremental Sheet Forming ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forming Limit ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
3D Cad ◽  
Component Design

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) has been a subject of research for many research groups before. However, all of the published results so far have been related to either commercial ISF machines or ISF forming with NC mills or similar. The research reported in this paper concentrates on incremental sheet forming with an industrial robot. The test equipment is based on a strong arm robot and a moving forming table, where a sheet metal blank is attached. The tool slides on the surface of the sheet and forms it incrementally to the desired shape. The robot is capable of 5-axis forming, which enables forming of inwards curved forms. In this paper the forming limit diagram (FLD) for ISF with the robot is presented and it is compared with conventional forming limit diagrams. It will be shown that the conventional FLD does not apply to incremental forming process. Geometrical accuracy of sample pieces is also studied. Cones of different shapes are formed with the robot equipment and their correspondence with the 3D CAD model is evaluated. The results are compared with other results of accuracy of incremental sheet forming, reported earlier by other researchers. The third issue covered in this article is a product development point of view to incremental sheet forming. In addition to fast prototyping and low volume production of sheet metal parts, ISF brings new possibilities to sheet metal component design and manufacturing. These possibilities can only be exploited if design rules, that will take the possibilities and limitations of the method into account are created for ISF.

Physicochemical Analysis of Machine Hammer Peened Surface Structures for Deep Drawing: Determination of the Work of Adhesion and Spreading Pressure of Lubrication to Surface Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Trauth ◽  
F. Klocke ◽  
M. Terhorst ◽  
P. Mattfeld
Keyword(s):  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Work Of Adhesion ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Spreading Pressure ◽  
Strip Drawing

Increasing demands concerning the performance of tribological systems for metal forming due to ecological restrictions or increased process loads demand the development of innovative tribological solutions. In preliminary works, it could be shown that surface structures on deep drawing tools manufactured by the incremental forming process machine hammer peening (MHP) have the potential to reduce friction. The friction reduction can be observed in strip drawing when comparing different surface structures against a state-of-the-art reference. A subsequently conducted wear analysis showed an adhesive wear on the structures. This leads to the conclusion that the lubricant film breaks due to increased contact pressures. In order to optimize the wetting of the lubricant and to avoid film break-ups, the molecular interactions in terms of the work of adhesion and spreading pressure between lubricant and MHP tool surfaces are investigated from a physicochemical point of view in this research work. The investigation approach is based on the use of the drop shape analysis.

scholarly journals Executive functions, self-paced exercise and cycling performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darias Holgado ◽  
Daniel Sanabria
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Self ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

The main aim of the present thesis was to understand the role of executive (cognitive) functions in self-paced aerobic exercise (cycling). A self-paced exercise is a physical activity in which the effort has to be distributed in the best possible way to achieve the objective of the event (e.g., to cover a given distance as quickly as possible or to cover the largest possible distance in a given time). Self-paced exercise requires the monitoring and control of feedback from the muscles and cardiorespiratory systems to the brain. From an applied point of view, we could consider that the self-paced aerobic exercise is a goal-directed behaviour towards an objective that involves several cognitive processes, and in particular of executive functions (e.g., inhibitory control or working memory). Consequently, any change at cognitive level (and brain related to the cognitive processes under study) will affect physical performance. To understand this relationship, in an introductory chapter we summarized the role of executive functions on the self-paced exercise, and the empirical evidence of the neural basis. We also summarized the different manipulations that have been designed to investigate the role of the executive functions on self-paced exercise. In the following chapters, we describe the three studies we have conducted to investigate the role of executive functioning on the self-paced exercise. First, we investigated the ergogenic effect of tramadol on physical and cognitive performance. Next, we attempt to understand the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) on objective and subjective indices of exercise performance. Finally, we investigated the role of cognitive (executive) load during self-paced exercise.

scholarly journals El lenguaje y los lugares construidos / The Language and the Built Places

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Fuentes Farias
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Language And Cognition ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Self Organizing

ABSTRACTIf we don't explain the role of language in the construction of places to live, their study will be incomplete; therefore the built space poses the challenge of defining a method of analysis that takes into account the emergence of cognitive processes in human being, of which perception and categorization of objects in space seems to be the most difficult to explain. And here is where the focus on language, from the point of view of the studies of complexity, admits to interpret and explain the evolution of the human capacity of build. In this sense, it is necessary to review the problem of in witch sense it can be said that language is innate or learned, and if the mind is a blank paper at birth, or has a genetic basis and how would be like. We observed the acquisition of language and cognition, and the construction of places to live, as the product of a cultural-genetic legacy. It is necessary to offer a point of view about the relationship between culture-nature, taking built places as a superior order and self-organizing subsystem: the built spaceRESUMENMientras no se exponga el papel del lenguaje en la construcción de lugares para vivir, su estudio estará incompleto; por ello, el espacio construido plantea el reto de definir un método de análisis que tome en cuenta el surgimiento de procesos cognitivos en la especie humana, de los cuales la percepción y categorización de los objetos en el espacio parece ser el más difícil de explicar. Y es aquí donde el enfoque en el lenguaje, desde el punto de vista de los estudios de la complejidad, permite interpretar y explicar la evolución de la capacidad constructiva del ser humano. En tal sentido, es necesario revisar el problema de en qué medida puede afirmarse que el lenguaje es innato o aprendido, y si la mente es un papel en blanco al nacer, o tiene una base genética y cómo sería ello. Se examina la adquisición del lenguaje y la cognición, y la construcción de lugares para vivir, como producto de una herencia genético-cultual. Se ofrece un punto de vista necesario acerca de la relación cultura-naturaleza, considerando los lugares construidos como subsistemas de un orden superior y auto-organizado: el espacio construido.

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