General Expectations II

Author(s):  
Sanford C. Goldberg

This chapter develops an account of how our epistemic expectations of one another bear on epistemic assessment itself. It argues that a failure to live up to the epistemic responsibilities assigned to us in legitimate social practices puts one’s belief at risk of epistemic impropriety. Whether one’s belief is epistemically improper owing to a failure of epistemic responsibility depends on what would have been the case had one fulfilled all of one’s responsibilities. If the result would have been a belief that failed to satisfy what have previously been identified as the core criteria for knowledge, then one’s belief fails to be epistemically proper. In the course of bringing this out, the author addresses the literature on culpable ignorance, introduces the notion of epistemic strict liability, and distinguishes the risk of epistemic impropriety from epistemic impropriety itself. The result is an account of the conditions on normative defeat.

Author(s):  
Gerald Siegmund

European choreographers Pina Bausch and Jérôme Bel share a critical line of inquiry into the established dance practices of their time, putting both the identity of their subjects and the identity of the genre of dance at risk. By addressing and including their own rehearsal processes in the performance, Bausch and Bel play with their own aesthetic strategies and their coming into being as social practices. As the author argues, the political, here, lies in the blurring of definite and defining categories, thus creating ambivalent and polyvalent scenes that defy explanation. Yet, Bausch and Bel’s work on repetition also produces an excess of energy that blurs distinctions and differences. As an emotional response to a rhythm that is created out of the in-difference to difference, this force undoes what subjects have learned socially. It is here that their freedom lies.


2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine V. Stamidis ◽  
Lydia Bologna ◽  
Filimona Bisrat ◽  
Tenager Tadesse ◽  
Fasil Tessema ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
José de Araújo Brito Neto ◽  
Flavia Cristina Silveira Lemos ◽  
Dolores Cristina Gomes Galindo ◽  
Alcindo Antônio Ferla ◽  
Michelle Ribeiro Côrrea

ResumoEste artigo visa apresentar uma análise teórica a respeito da lei e norma na definição da opção política proibicionista no Brasil, nas últimas décadas. O debate central é como as políticas sobre drogas têm sido embasadas na perspectiva proibicionista. No bojo dessa postura de proibição legal, a tática repressiva ganhou expressão social e foi inscrita no plano da soberania jurídica normatizadora. Os movimentos de lei e ordem cada vez maisse entrecruzaram e passaram a requisitar a criminalizaçãodo uso e do comércio de drogas, em especial as consideradas ilícitas em um intricado campo de governamentalidades resultante de uma política criminal encarceradora e de umaperspectiva medicalizante do consumo de drogas legais, taiscomo os psicofármacos. Paralelamente, um conjunto de práticas discursivas e de poderoperaram conjuntamente na definição do que são drogas e de quais são lícitas e quais são ilícitas, por meio de um sistema de repartição complexo.Palavras-chave: Proibicionismo; Governamentalidades; Medicalização; Práticas sociais; Política sobre Drogas.AbstractThis paper offers a theoretical analysis of law and norm in the definition of Brazil’s prohibitionist drug policy in recent decades. The central argument advances that drug policies have been based on a prohibitionist perspective. At the core of this stance of legal prohibition, repressive tactics gained social acceptanceand were inscribed in a plan towards a normalizing judicial sovereignty. Law and order movements increasingly intercrossed and instituted the criminalization of drug use and the drug trade- particularly for those deemed illegal - by means of an intricate field of governmentalities which resulted in a carceral criminal policy and a medicalized view of legal drug use, including psychotropics. In parallel, a set of discursive and powerpractices operated jointly to define through a complex system of classification what constitutes a drug and which drugs are to be considered legal or illegal.Keywords: Prohibition; Governmentalities; Medicalization; Social Practices; Drug Policy.


rahatulquloob ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sulaiman Nasir ◽  
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah

The sanctity of human life is the core issue in almost all religions of the world. In the present world scenario, human beings are suffering a lot. Human life is at risk. The most important and precious figure in society is human beings as it is the greatest creature of Almighty Allah. Buddhism and Islam both emphasize the sanctity of human life. The stress laid by the teaching of Islam on the sanctity and respect of human life can be understood by the fact that Islam does not allow the killing of people who are not physically involved in the war. Islam also against suicide. Similarly, the teaching of Buddha has emphasized the holiness and sanctity of human life. According to the philosophy of non-violence in Buddhism (Ahimsa), Killing of human beings is far from Buddhist’s creed even they are against the killing of insects. In Buddhism, “The nonviolence is one of the five precepts of Dhamma, which form the right action, right views and right-thinking on Eightfold Path. This article focuses on the teaching of Buddhism and Islam, a comparative study regarding killing and suicide as these topics are closely related to the sanctity of human life.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Joana Elisa Röwer ◽  
Annie Ribeiro Madeira

As reflexões aqui marcadas surgem a partir das experiências vividas nos estágios supervisionados do curso de Licenciatura em Sociologia, realizados em escolas de ensino secundário de tempo integral em municípios do Maciço do Baturité, cujos projetos pedagógicos contemplam o currículo integrado. O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a efetivação da componente curricular Núcleo de Trabalho, Pesquisa e Práticas Sociais (NTPPS) no currículo da escola, a partir das percepções dos professores. O embasamento teórico retoma a discussão sobre o entendimento do conceito de currículo através de autores como Silva (2010), Macedo (2007) e Moreira et al. (2012), que consideram o currículo como construção histórica e defendem o modelo de educação pautada nos preceitos democráticos. A pesquisa de caráter qualitativo teve como instrumento de coleta de dados questionários aplicados aos professores da escola. Os resultados apontam que um currículo guiado pela democracia e liberdade não só emancipa a pessoa, mas também traz as melhores formas para a aprendizagem. O NTPPS na sua atuação com as novas práticas escolares, de formação integral, tem essa intencionalidade. De certa forma, as disputas políticas marcadas nesse campo, muitas vezes, condicionam a aplicação de um currículo construído de forma centralizada, mas que possibilita considerações/transformações a partir da instituição escolar.Palavras-chave: Currículo. Escola secundária. NTPPS.NTPPS in the curriculum of integral time average education: an analysis from the perception of the teachers of a school in the municipality of Redenção/CEABSTRACTThe reflections we have here emerge from the experiences of the supervised stages of the degree course in Sociology, held in full-time secondary schools in the municipalities of the Baturité Massif, whose pedagogical project contemplates the integrated curriculum. The article aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Core Work, Research and Social Practices (NTPPS) curricular component in the school curriculum based on the teachers’ perceptions. The theoretical background retakes the discussion about the understanding of the concept of curriculum through authors like Silva (2010); Macedo (2007); and Moreira et al. (2012), in the understanding of the curriculum as historical construction and in the perspective of defending the model of education based on democratic precepts. The research of qualitative character had as instrument of data collection questionnaires, applied to the teachers of the school. The results indicate that a curriculum cataloged in democracy and freedom not only emancipates the person, but also, it brings the best forms for learning, especially NTPPS in its action with the new practices in schools. In a way, the political disputes marked in this field often condition the application of a curriculum based on the cultures of the communities in which the school institution is inserted.Keywords: Curriculum. High school. NTPPS.NTPPS en el currículo de la enseñanza medio de tiempo integral: un análisis a partir de la percepción de los profesores de una escuela del municipio de Redención / CERESUMENLas reflexiones aquí marcadas surgen a partir de las experiencias vividas en las etapas supervisadas del curso de Licenciatura en Sociología, realizadas en escuelas de enseñanza media de tiempo completo en municipios del Macizo del Baturité, cuyos proyectos pedagógicos contemplan el currículo integrado. El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la efectividad del componente curricular Núcleo de Trabajo, Investigación y Prácticas Sociales (NTPPS) en el currículo de la escuela a partir de las percepciones de los profesores. La base teórica retoma la discusión sobre el entendimiento del concepto de currículo a través de autores como Silva (2010); Macedo (2007); y, Moreira et al. (2012), en la comprensión del currículo como construcción histórica y en la perspectiva de la defensa del modelo de la educación pautada en los preceptos democráticos. La investigación de carácter cualitativo tuvo como instrumento de recolección de datos cuestionarios, aplicados a los profesores de la escuela. Los resultados apuntan que un currículo pautado en la democracia y la libertad no sólo emancipa a la persona, sino que también trae las mejores formas para el aprendizaje. El NTPPS en su actuación con las nuevas prácticas escolares, de formación integral, tiene esa intencionalidad. En cierta forma, las disputas políticas marcadas en este campo, muchas veces condicionan la aplicación de un currículo construido de forma centralizada, pero que posibilita consideraciones / transformaciones a partir de la institución escolar.Palabras clave: Currículo. Escuela secundaria. NTPPS.


2019 ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco F. H. Schmidt ◽  
Hannes Rakoczy

Humans are normative beings through and through. This capacity for normativity lies at the core of uniquely human forms of understanding and regulating socio-cultural group life. Plausibly, therefore, the hominin lineage evolved specialized social-cognitive, motivational, and affective abilities that helped create, transmit, preserve, and amend shared social practices. In turn, these shared normative attitudes and practices shaped subsequent human phylogeny, constituted new forms of group life, and hence structured human ontogeny, too. An essential aspect of human ontogeny is therefore its reciprocal nature regarding normativity. This chapter reviews recent evidence from developmental psychology suggesting that, from early on, human children take a normative attitude toward others’ conduct in social interactions, and thus a collectivistic and impersonal perspective on norms. The chapter discusses to what extent humans’ closest living primate relatives lack normative attitudes and therefore live in a non-normative socio-causal world structured by individual preferences, power relationships, and regularities.


2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopold Hess

Given the apparent nondisplaceability and noncancellability of the derogatory content of slurs, it may appear puzzling that non-derogatory uses of slurs exist. Moreover, these uses seem to be in general available only to in-group speakers, thereby exhibiting a peculiar kind of context-sensitivity. In this paper the author argues that to understand non-derogatory uses we should consider slurs in terms of the kind of social practice their uses instantiate. A suitable theory of social practices has been proposed by McMillan. In typical (derogatory) uses the practice is one of bigotry and discrimination. Non-derogatory uses are only possible to the extent that they consitute acts of an alternative, non-derogatory practice. In the core cases it must be a subversive practice of satire or reappropriation. The social identity of speakers is not an ultimately decisive factor (in-group uses may still be derogatory) but it is an important constitutive condition: most non-derogatory practices of slur-use can only be performed by a member of the target group.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1-Feb) ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
Sekhar Chebolu

Several technology startups, both in US and India announced layoffs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Many of them gave the reason to be the pandemic which caused almost total shutdown of the business. This contrasted with many other companies like airlines which took the route of salary cuts and leave without pay rather than layoffs. However, the researcher’s study of these technology startups,indicates that the layoffs were more to do with shedding non-core businesses, eliminating management layers and terminating non-performers. Many of these startups had a large runway of capital and could have retained employees if they chose to. Severalof them resorted to layoffs after a fundraising round. Hence the pandemic was an excuse to realign their businesses, which would havehappened in normal course. However due to the pandemic situation and focus on companies to retain jobs, the severance policies announced were more generous than the ones announced earlier. This could set up a new precedent of more generous severance policies during layoffs. The employees can take away that they are always at risk if they do not belong to the core business or area of competency in a company. The mid-level and senior level managers must be cognizant that the value they bring in will always be evaluated against their compensation. They must ensure that their value is recognized. The researcher has analyzed startups that have enough capital to sustain.


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