Neural Prosthetics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon
Keyword(s):  
Mental Causation ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Neural Prosthetics ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Brain Computer Interfacing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Brain

Neural prosthetics (neuroprostheses, neural prostheses) are devices or systems that influence the input and output of information in the brain. They modulate, bypass, supplement, or replace regions of the brain and its connections to the body that are damaged, dysfunctional, or lost from brain injury, congenital conditions, limb loss, or neurodegenerative disease. Neural prosthetics can generate, improve, or restore sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Some prosthetics are implanted in the brain. Others are connected to it in brain–computer interfacing. This book describes auditory and visual prosthetics, deep brain and responsive neurostimulation, brain–computer interfaces, brain-to-brain interfaces, optogenetics, and memory prosthetics and discusses some of their neuroscientific and philosophical implications. The neuroscientific discussion focuses on how neural prosthetics can restore brain and bodily functions. The philosophical discussion focuses on how people with these prosthetics can benefit from or be harmed by them. It also focuses on how these devices and systems can lead to a better understanding of or change our attitudes about the brain–mind relation, identity, mental causation, and agency. The book considers the therapeutic, rehabilitative, and restorative potential of neural prosthetics in improving functional independence and quality of life for millions of people with disabling conditions.

scholarly journals Mindfulness Research Update: 2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Greeson
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mindfulness Practice ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
The Brain

Objective: To briefly review the effects of mindfulness on the mind, the brain, the body, and behavior. Methods: Selective review of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases (2003—2008) using the terms ``mindfulness,'' ``meditation,'' ``mental health,'' ``physical health,'' ``quality of life,'' and ``stress reduction.'' A total of 52 exemplars of empirical and theoretical work were selected for review. Results: Both basic and clinical research indicate that cultivating a more mindful way of being is associated with less emotional distress, more positive states of mind, and better quality of life. In addition, mindfulness practice can influence the brain, the autonomic nervous system, stress hormones, the immune system, and health behaviors, including eating, sleeping, and substance use, in salutary ways. Conclusion: The application of cutting-edge technology toward understanding mindfulness— an ``inner technology''—is elucidating new ways in which attention, awareness, acceptance, and compassion may promote optimal health—in mind, body, relationships, and spirit.

Role of 5G Communication Along With Blockchain Security in Brain-Computer Interfacing

2022 ◽  
pp. 65-85
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mudassir Ahmad ◽  
Kiran Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
5G Network ◽  
5G Technologies ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
Brain Computer Interfacing ◽  
The Brain

The electroencephalogram is used in brain-computer interface (BCI) in which signal from the human brain is sensed with the help of EEG and then sent to the computer to control the external device without having any touch of muscular body parts. On the other hand, the brain chip interfacing (BCHIs) is a microelectronic chip that has physical connections with the neurons for the transfer of information. The BCI needs a reliable, high-speed network and new security tool that can assist BCI technology. 5G network and blockchain technology is ideal to support the growing needs of brain chip interfacing. Further, the Cloudmind, which is an emerging application of BCI, can be conceptualized by using blockchain technology. In this chapter, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are expedient to bridge the connectivity chasm between human and machine (computer) systems via 5G technologies, which offers minimal latency, faster speeds, and stronger bandwidth connectivity with strong cryptographic qualities of blockchain technologies.

Epilogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Walter Glannon
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Shared Control ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Neural Prosthetics ◽  
Current State ◽  
The People ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
The Brain

This section summarizes the main neuroscientific and philosophical issues regarding neural prosthetics. It comments on the therapeutic potential of more and less invasive systems to restore sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. It also speculates on future neural prosthetics and how they might change our view of the brain–mind relation and our concept of ourselves as humans. The current state of neural prosthetics does not indicate that machines and implants control the thought and behaviour of people to whom they are connected or in whom they are implanted. There is no loss of control but shared control between these artificial systems and the people who use them. The rehabilitative and restorative capacity of neural prosthetics enable those with neurological or physical disabilities to acquire or regain functional independence.

scholarly journals Auditory Stimulus-response Modeling with a Match-Mismatch Task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain de Cheveigné ◽  
Malcolm Slaney ◽  
Søren A. Fuglsang ◽  
Jens Hjortkjaer
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Regression Problem ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Systems Identification ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
Response Modeling ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe relation between a continuous ongoing stimulus and the brain response that it evokes can be characterized by a stimulus-response model fit to the data. This systems-identification approach offers insight into perceptual processes within the brain, and it is also of potential practical use for devices such as Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI). The quality of the model can be quantified by measuring the fit with a regression problem, or by applying it to a classification task and measuring its performance. Here we focus on a match-mismatch task that entails deciding whether a segment of brain signal matches, via a model, the auditory stimulus that evoked it. The match-mismatch task can be used to compare performance of different stimulus-response models. We show that performance in a match-mismatch task and metrics summarizing regression accuracies can provide complementary insights in the relation between stimulus and response. Importantly, the match-mismatch task provides information about discriminatory power, making it directly applicable to BCI applications. Evaluation is performed on a freely available database, and code is available for scripts and functions to allow scrutiny of our results and facilitate comparative evaluation of future developments.

scholarly journals Historical perspectives, challenges, and future directions of implantable brain-computer interfaces for sensorimotor applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Chandrasekaran ◽  
Matthew Fifer ◽  
Stephan Bickel ◽  
Luke Osborn ◽  
Jose Herrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The Body ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAlmost 100 years ago experiments involving electrically stimulating and recording from the brain and the body launched new discoveries and debates on how electricity, movement, and thoughts are related. Decades later the development of brain-computer interface technology began, which now targets a wide range of applications. Potential uses include augmentative communication for locked-in patients and restoring sensorimotor function in those who are battling disease or have suffered traumatic injury. Technical and surgical challenges still surround the development of brain-computer technology, however, before it can be widely deployed. In this review we explore these challenges, historical perspectives, and the remarkable achievements of clinical study participants who have bravely forged new paths for future beneficiaries.

scholarly journals Defining Surgical Terminology and Risk for Brain Computer Interface Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Leuthardt ◽  
Daniel W. Moran ◽  
Tim R. Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Volume ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Semantic Framework ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

With the emergence of numerous brain computer interfaces (BCI), their form factors, and clinical applications the terminology to describe their clinical deployment and the associated risk has been vague. The terms “minimally invasive” or “non-invasive” have been commonly used, but the risk can vary widely based on the form factor and anatomic location. Thus, taken together, there needs to be a terminology that best accommodates the surgical footprint of a BCI and their attendant risks. This work presents a semantic framework that describes the BCI from a procedural standpoint and its attendant clinical risk profile. We propose extending the common invasive/non-invasive distinction for BCI systems to accommodate three categories in which the BCI anatomically interfaces with the patient and whether or not a surgical procedure is required for deployment: (1) Non-invasive—BCI components do not penetrate the body, (2) Embedded—components are penetrative, but not deeper than the inner table of the skull, and (3) Intracranial –components are located within the inner table of the skull and possibly within the brain volume. Each class has a separate risk profile that should be considered when being applied to a given clinical population. Optimally, balancing this risk profile with clinical need provides the most ethical deployment of these emerging classes of devices. As BCIs gain larger adoption, and terminology becomes standardized, having an improved, more precise language will better serve clinicians, patients, and consumers in discussing these technologies, particularly within the context of surgical procedures.

Human body: new organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
N. Kolotilov
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Shock Absorber ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Brain

The use of medical imaging technologies, bioimaging, digitized archives of scientific and medical literature, the special mentality of researchers, going beyond the skills of professional education have led to the discovery of new organs of the human body. The aim of the review is to present in the first iteration the basic information about the new organs of the human body and the need for their identification for complete scientific and practical work. Anterolateral ligament of the knee is present in 97.56 % of people. It was first described in 1879, rediscovered in 2013. The juxta-oral organ was first described in 1885, and again in 2015-2020. Description of the lymphatic drainage system of the brain was published in 1787 and 1816, rediscovery and detailing already in the 21st century. It was proposed to identify the interstitium as a special organ that deposits and transports about 20 % of the interstitial fluid in the body. It is assumed that the interstitium can act as a shock absorber and keeps tissue from rupture. The vision of the mesentery as a whole continuous organ will make it possible to modify many operations, reduce their invasiveness, implement full-fledged rehabilitation after surgery, and improve the quality of life of patients.

Brain–Computer Interfaces and Neurofeedback for Enhancing Human Performance

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-141
Author(s):  
Ranganatha Sitaram ◽  
Andrea Sánchez Corzo ◽  
Mariana Zurita ◽  
Constanza Levican ◽  
Daniela Huepe-Artigas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Measured Quantity ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Brain Computer Interfaces ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cognition And Emotion ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
The Brain

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), also known as brain–machine interfaces (BMIs), are a group of experimental procedures in which an external sensor is used to provide information about a specific brain process in order to change the measured quantity. A BCI acquires signals from the brain of a human or an animal using any one or more of these sensors, then selects or extracts specific features of interest from the signal and converts and then translates these into artificial output that can act on the body or the outside world. A BCI may influence human performance by replacing, restoring, supplementing, or enhancing brain function. In this chapter, we discuss the extant research in terms of experimental work and neuroscience understanding of the application of BCIs and neurofeedback systems in influencing human performance in different brain functions, namely, action, perception, cognition, and emotion, in healthy individuals, expert performers, and patients.

Heat-Accelerated Fixation and Rapid Dissection of the Pediatric Brain at Autopsy: A Pragmatic Approach to the Difficulties of Organ Retention

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara Barrett ◽  
Francesca Brett ◽  
David Grehan ◽  
Michael B. McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Potential Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Immunocytochemical Studies ◽  
Pediatric Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Formalin Fixed

We investigated whether it is possible to accelerate the examination of a pediatric brain at autopsy and thus facilitate its return to the body before a funeral without compromising the quality of the neuropathologic examination. Accelerated fixation and next-day dissection of the brain was performed in selected cases over a 2-year period by using a microwave histologic tissue processor (MicroMed T/T MEGA, Milestone, Sorisole, Italy). Direct comparison of the histologic appearance and immunohistochemical reactivity of 2 cases, 1 fixed by conventional methods and 1 fixed with the accelerated method, was performed in a blinded fashion by a specialist neuropathologist. Examination of rapidly fixed brain by conventional thin coronal sections was readily achieved. There was no appreciable difference between tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and prepared from conventional formalin-fixed cortical and cerebellar brain tissue and that fixed by rapid heat acceleration. Immunocytochemical studies were not adversely affected by the accelerated heat-fixation process of tissue. Heat-accelerated fixation is a potential method of speeding up the examination of the brain at autopsy without unduly compromising the quality of the neuropathologic examination.

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