Priors

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Shaun Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Minimal Evidence

People seem to expect that rules will be act-based rather than consequence-based. For instance, when people learn a new rule, given minimal evidence, they tend to think that the rule prohibits people from producing a certain consequence, rather than that the rule dictates that such a consequence should be minimized. One explanation is that people have an innate bias to think rules are act-based. This chapter suggests an alternative empiricist proposal. The expectation that rules will be act-based might be explained as a prior that is itself the result of earlier learning. In particular, given that most rules that people have learned are act-based rules, the prior for act-based rules might be acquired through a process of overhypothesis construction.

Surgical Simulation to Evaluate Surgical Innovation: Preclinical Studies With MARTYN

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 299-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani J Marcus ◽  
Ara Darzi ◽  
Dipankar Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Simulation ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Term Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Surgical Devices ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Minimal Evidence ◽  
The Ideal

The safety and effectiveness of surgical devices have come under considerable scrutiny over the past two decades.1 New surgical tools are being introduced into the operating theatre at an increasing rate, and are often rapidly adopted with minimal evidence to support their use. while the IDEAL (idea, development, exploration, assessment, long-term study) framework provides clear recommendations for the clinical evaluation of surgical innovations,2 there is undoubtedly also a role for preclinical studies early in the product development cycle.

Minimal evidence of disease activity (MEDA) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Prosperini ◽  
Chiara Mancinelli ◽  
Shalom Haggiag ◽  
Cinzia Cordioli ◽  
Laura De Giglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
T2 Lesions ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Minimal Evidence

ObjectiveThis study aimed to define the minimal evidence of disease activity (MEDA) during treatment that can be tolerated without exposing patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis at risk of long-term disability.MethodsWe retrospectively collected data of patients followed up to 10 years after starting interferon beta or glatiramer acetate. Survival analyses explored the association between the long-term risk of reaching an Expanded Disability Status Scale≥6.0 and early clinical and MRI activity assessed after the first and second year of treatment. Early disease activity was classified by the so-called ‘MAGNIMS score’ (low: no relapses and <3 new T2 lesions; medium: no relapses and ≥3 new T2 lesions or 1 relapse and 0–2 new T2 lesions; high: 1 relapse and ≥3 new T2 lesions or ≥2 relapses) and the absence or presence of contrast-enhancing lesions (CELs).ResultsAt follow-up, 148/1036 (14.3%) patients reached the outcome: 61/685 (8.9%) with low score (reference category), 57/241 (23.7%) with medium score (HR=1.94, p=0.002) and 30/110 (27.3%) with high score (HR=2.47, p<0.001) after the first year of treatment. In the low score subgroup, the risk was further reduced in the absence (49/607, 8.1%) than in the presence of CELs (12/78, 15.4%; HR=2.11, p=0.01). No evident disease activity and low score in the absence of CELs shared the same risk (p=0.54). Similar findings were obtained even after the second year of treatment.ConclusionsEarly marginal MRI activity of one to two new T2 lesions, in the absence of both relapses and CELs, is associated with a minor risk of future disability, thus representing a simple and valuable definition for MEDA.

scholarly journals Population structure of the New Zealand whelk, Cominella glandiformis (Gastropoda: Buccinidae), suggests sporadic dispersal of a direct developer

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Kirsten M Donald ◽  
Graham A McCulloch ◽  
Ludovic Dutoit ◽  
Hamish G Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Large Geographic Area ◽  
Oceanic Currents ◽  
Minimal Evidence

Abstract We examined phylogeographic structure in the direct-developing New Zealand endemic intertidal mud whelk, Cominella glandiformis. Two hundred and ninety-six whelks from 12 sites were collected from sheltered shores around New Zealand’s four largest islands (North Island, South Island, Stewart Island and Chatham Island), encompassing the geographical range of this species. Despite being direct developers, gene flow among C. glandiformis populations may occur over short distances by adult floating, and over larger distances by rafting of egg masses. Primers were developed to amplify variable microsatellite regions at six loci. All loci were variable, with 8–34 alleles/loci. Observed and expected heterozygosities were high across all alleles, with minimal evidence of null alleles. The average number of alleles varied from 3.5 (Chatham Island) to 7.5 (Waitemata Harbour). Strong genetic structure was evident, with distinct ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ groups. Each group extended over a large geographic area, including regions of unsuitable habitat, but were linked by oceanic currents. We suggest that the intraspecific geographic genetic structure in C. glandiformis has arisen due a combination of ocean currents (promoting gene flow between geographically distant regions) and upwelling areas (limiting gene flow between certain regions).

scholarly journals Conservative Non-intervention Approach for Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Extremely Preterm Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se In Sung ◽  
Yun Sil Chang ◽  
So Yoon Ahn ◽  
Heui Seung Jo ◽  
Misun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patent Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Intervention Approach ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm Infants ◽  
Surgical Treatments ◽  
Minimal Evidence ◽  
Patent Ductus

While persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants has been known to be associated with increased mortality and morbidities including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and necrotizing enterocolitis, there is minimal evidence supporting their causal relationships, and most traditional medical and/or surgical treatments have failed to show improvements in these outcomes. As such, the pendulum has swung toward the conservative non-intervention approach for the management of persistent PDA during the last decade; however, the benefits and risks of this approach are unclear. In this mini review, we focused on whom, when, and how to apply the conservative non-intervention approach for persistent PDA, especially in extremely preterm infants.

scholarly journals Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation (EUS-RFA) of the Pancreas in a Porcine Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Gaidhane ◽  
Ioana Smith ◽  
Kristi Ellen ◽  
Jeremy Gatesman ◽  
Nagy Habib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Pancreatic Head ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Coagulative Necrosis ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Distal Pancreas ◽  
Minimal Evidence

Backgrounds. Limited effective palliative treatments exist for pancreatic cancer which includes surgery or chemotherapy. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) uses high frequency alternating current to ablate diseased tissue and has been used to treat various tumors. In this study, we evaluated a prototype probe adjusted to the EUS-needle to perform EUS-RFA to permit coagulative necrosis in the pancreas.Methods. Five Yucatan pigs underwent EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation of the head of their pancreas. Using an EUS-needle, RFA was applied with 6 mm and then 10 mm of the probe exposed at specific wattage for preset durations.Results. Only one pig showed moderate levels of pancreatitis (20% proximal pancreatitis). The other animals showed much lower areas of tissue damage. In 3 of the 5 pigs, the proximal pancreas showed greater levels of tissue injury than the distal pancreas, consistent with the proximity of the tissue to the procedure site. In 1 pig, both proximal and distal pancreas showed minimal pancreatitis (1%). There was minimal evidence of fat necrosis in intra-pancreatic and/or extra-pancreatic adipose tissue.Conclusion. EUS-guided RFA of the pancreatic head with the monopolar probe through a 19-gauge needle was well tolerated in 5 Yucatan pigs and with minimal amount of pancreatitis.

Validation of the Sensormedics (S2900Z) Metabolic Cart for Pediatric Exercise Testing

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viswanath B. Unnithan ◽  
John Wilson ◽  
Duncan Buchanan ◽  
Jamie A. Timmons ◽  
James Y. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Reference System ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Test System ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Metabolic Cart ◽  
Douglas Bag ◽  
Minimal Evidence

The accuracy of many microprocessor controlled exercise testing systems has not been established, particularly for testing children. A metabolic cart (Sensormedics S2900Z) was validated against a reference system (Douglas bag) in children. The systems were tested using 10 active, healthy children (age 11.6 ± 2.3 yrs) during physiological steady state at two exercise intensities, submaximal walking and running. Eight children performed a high ventilatory flow (HVF) protocol, running for 11 min. All 10 performed a low ventilatory flow (LVF) protocol, walking for 11 min. In both, gas samples were measured after 6 to 7 and 10 to 11 min into the Douglas bag, and after 8 to 9 min by the test system. There was minimal evidence of bias for [Formula: see text] at either ventilation rate. Greater variability was noted for FeCO2 and [Formula: see text]. In conclusion, the Sensormedics S2900Z appears to be adequate for testing children. Key words: microprocessor, bias, ventilatory flows

A Review of the Experiences of the Pre-Trial and Appeals Chambers of the International Criminal Court Regarding the Disclosure of Evidence

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID SCHEFFER
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Trial Chamber ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
International Criminal Tribunals ◽  
Statutory Power ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Atrocity Crimes ◽  
Minimal Evidence

AbstractNegotiators of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) did not intend the Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC) to act as a de facto investigating judge; rather, their intent was that the PTC ensure that the Prosecutor act responsibly and within well-defined limits. Several opportunities have arisen in the Lubanga case before the ICC's PTC and the Appeals Chamber to examine the Prosecutor's duty and performance in disclosing documentary evidence and the identities of witnesses at the pre-trial stage. International criminal tribunals necessarily must bridge the evidentiary magnitude of atrocity crimes with a pragmatic focus on one person's role. The PTC judge should aggressively narrow the charges and focus the Prosecutor on the requirement of minimal evidence to meet the sufficiency standard for the remaining charges, direct the Prosecutor to share existing and emerging evidence with the accused in a timely manner and not wait until 30 days prior to confirmation hearing, and use statutory power to ensure timely non-disclosure requests and determinations.

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