EU Membership Eligibility in Statistical and Comparative Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-116
Author(s):  
Patrick D. Statsch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Member States ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Empirical Tests

This chapter offers various empirical tests of competing arguments regarding the factors that shape a regional community’s decision-making on the membership eligibility of non-member states. It introduces a new dataset of 48 cases where the EU made a decision on the membership eligibility of a non-member state between 1957 and 2017. It then tests the explanatory power of the various theories introduced in the previous chapter using three, complementary analytical methods—cross tabulation, logistic regression, and qualitative comparative analysis. All three methods support the conclusion that membership norms have a more consistent impact on EU decision-making than familiar explanatory factors such as the commercial and security interests of member states.

The Limits of Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The World ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Over Time

This book offers a new approach to the dynamics of regional integration, engages the debate over the geographic and normative limits of Europe, and challenges the conventional wisdom on the enlargement of the European Union. It demonstrates that membership norms that change over time have been more influential than economic or security interests in shaping EU decisions on which states are eligible to join the community and which are not. It includes a genealogy of EU membership norms since the late 1950s, a triple analysis (cross-tabulations, logistic regression, and qualitative comparative analysis) of all EU decisions on membership eligibility, and detailed process-tracing of EU decision-making over decades on the membership eligibility of Greece, Spain, Turkey, and Ukraine. The findings challenge taken-for-granted understandings of the course of European integration and what it means for a state to be ‘European’. The argument is directly relevant to how regional communities in other parts of the world decide on their own geographic and normative limits.

Modelling and Analyzing Consumer Behaviour Employing Observational Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-57
Author(s):  
Yuliia Kyrdoda ◽  
A.Malek Hammami ◽  
Drakos Periklis ◽  
Panagiotis Kaldis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Factors Affecting

The purpose of this article is to investigate and model retail consumer purchase behavior and determine factors affecting the purchasing decision. The following hypotheses were verified: H1 tests the influence of “Decision-making Time” over “Final Purchase”. H2 tests “Promotion” over “Final Purchase”. H3, H4 and H5 were established to test the influence of demographic characteristics (respectively: Age, Nationality, Gender) over “Final Purchase”. SPSS 23 was used to analyze the collected data from the observations completed in the supermarket. In order to identify the explanatory power of the variables, a Logistic Regression model was developed. Empirical findings indicated that demographic characteristics (Age, Nationality, Gender), as well as “Time” and “Promotion,” have a significant effect on “Purchase” and that “Time” has a greater impact on “Purchase.” These results could be used to design marketing strategies in order to increase sales. However, a few limitations occurred during the study such as observation timing, the unicity of location and observers' subjectivity.

The Quality of Democracy after Joining the European Union

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Zielonka
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Public Space ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Parliaments ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
European Court ◽  
Cultural Orientations

Joining the European Union (EU) has changed the nature of democracy in the new member states. The EU's membership has complicated the structure of democratic decision making by making it more multilayered and multicentered. EU membership has enhanced the powers of nonmajoritarian institutions such as the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, and various regulatory agencies. National parliaments tend to be less powerful democratic players after a country joins the European Union—and even before, as the EU accession process has shown. EU membership has also broadened the democratic public space. As a consequence, democratic decision making within the European Union has to accommodate a more diversified set of interests and cultural orientations. Providing citizens with greater access to the European decision-making process seems to be most urgent in the new member states from Central and Eastern Europe, whose citizens feel particularly detached from this process. The article tries to suggest some ways of achieving this.

The impact of SPY angiography on intraoperative decision making and outcomes for post-mastectomy reconstruction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Skin Necrosis ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Flap Necrosis ◽  
Single Institution ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Impact

Objective: While the use of intraoperative laser angiography (SPY) is increasing in mastectomy patients, its impact in the operating room to change the type of reconstruction performed has not been well described. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether SPY angiography influences post-mastectomy reconstruction decisions and outcomes. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of mastectomy patients with reconstruction at a single institution was performed from 2015-2017.All patients underwent intraoperative SPY after mastectomy but prior to reconstruction. SPY results were defined as ‘good’, ‘questionable’, ‘bad’, or ‘had skin excised’. Complications within 60 days of surgery were compared between those whose SPY results did not change the type of reconstruction done versus those who did. Preoperative and intraoperative variables were entered into multivariable logistic regression models if significant at the univariate level. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 267 mastectomies were identified, 42 underwent a change in the type of planned reconstruction due to intraoperative SPY results. Of the 42 breasts that underwent a change in reconstruction, 6 had a ‘good’ SPY result, 10 ‘questionable’, 25 ‘bad’, and 2 ‘had areas excised’ (p<0.01). After multivariable analysis, predictors of skin necrosis included patients with ‘questionable’ SPY results (p<0.01, OR: 8.1, 95%CI: 2.06 – 32.2) and smokers (p<0.01, OR:5.7, 95%CI: 1.5 – 21.2). Predictors of any complication included a change in reconstruction (p<0.05, OR:4.5, 95%CI: 1.4-14.9) and ‘questionable’ SPY result (p<0.01, OR: 4.4, 95%CI: 1.6-14.9). Conclusion: SPY angiography results strongly influence intraoperative surgical decisions regarding the type of reconstruction performed. Patients most at risk for flap necrosis and complication post-mastectomy are those with questionable SPY results.

The Social Development Model

2018 ◽  
pp. 223-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cambron ◽  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
J. David Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Antisocial Behaviors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Social Development Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Empirical Tests

This chapter presents an overview of the social development model (SDM)—a general theory of human behavior that integrates research on risk and protective factors into a coherent model. The goal of this synthesis is to provide more explanatory power than its component theories. This chapter first specifies the model constructs and their hypothesized relationships to prosocial and antisocial behaviors. It then provides a synthesis of what has been learned from empirical tests of social development hypotheses for predicting pro- and antisocial behaviors. This chapter also highlights interventions derived from the SDM and summarizes their impact on pro- and antisocial behaviors. Finally, the chapter concludes by presenting future directions for SDM-based research.

scholarly journals Assessing the storage potential of Australian rainforest seeds: a decision-making key to aid rapid conservation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Sommerville ◽  
G. Errington ◽  
Z-J. Newby ◽  
G. S. Liyanage ◽  
C. A. Offord
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Fleshy Fruit ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Fresh Seed ◽  
Desiccation Sensitivity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Seed Characteristics

AbstractSeed banking of rainforest species is hindered by lack of knowledge as to which species are tolerant of desiccation and freezing. We assessed 313 Australian rainforest species for seed banking suitability by comparing the germination percentage of fresh seeds to seeds dried at 15% RH and seeds stored at −20 °C after drying. We then compared desiccation responses to environmental, habit, fruit and seed characteristics to identify the most useful predictors of desiccation sensitivity. Of 162 species with ≥ 50% initial germination, 22% were sensitive to desiccation, 64% were tolerant and 10% were partially tolerant; the responses of 4% were uncertain. Of 107 desiccation tolerant species tested for response to freezing, 24% were freezing sensitive or short-lived in storage at −20 °C. Median values for fresh seed moisture content (SMC), oven dry weight (DW) and the likelihood of desiccation sensitivity (PD-S) were significantly greater for desiccation sensitive than desiccation tolerant seeds. Ninety-four to 97% of seeds with SMC < 29%, DW < 20 mg or PD-S < 0.01 were desiccation tolerant. Ordinal logistic regression of desiccation response against environmental, habit, fruit and seed characteristics indicated that the likelihood of desiccation sensitivity was significantly increased by a tree habit, fleshy fruit, increasing fresh SMC and increasing PD-S. The responses observed in this study were combined with earlier studies to develop a simple decision key to aid prediction of desiccation responses in untested rainforest species.

Understanding ASEAN’s approach to sanctions against norm breakers

2021 ◽  
pp. 019251212097258
Author(s):  
Kerstin Schembera
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Member States ◽  
Norm Violations ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Regional Organisations ◽  
Informal Approach

Regional organisations (ROs) increasingly act as promoters of democracy by applying sanctions against members who do not comply with collectively agreed norms. Despite the absence of an official sanctions policy, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) does interfere in certain ways into member states’ internal issues in some cases of norm violations. This study empirically explores how and why ASEAN decides to interfere or not in such situations. The findings derived from case studies on Cambodia and Myanmar, drawing on evidence from documents, media, and interview data reveal novel insights on ASEAN regionalism in the context of non-compliant member behaviour. I argue that the informal approach to regionalism provides ASEAN with a lot of room for discretion in responding to members’ norm violations. The article identifies geopolitical preferences, extra-regional interference, and legitimation as explanatory factors for the RO’s varying punitive actions.

DECISION MAKING BY VARIABLE CONTRIBUTION IN DISCRIMINANT, LOGIT, AND REGRESSION ANALYSES

2004 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 265-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
STAN LIPOVETSKY ◽  
MICHAEL CONKLIN
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Variable Contribution ◽  
Linear Aggregate

Comparative contribution of predictors in multivariate statistical models is widely used for decision making on the importance of the variables for the aims of analysis and prediction. However, the analysis can be made difficult because of the predictors' multicollinearity that distorts estimates for coefficients in the linear aggregate. To solve the problem of the robust evaluation of the predictors' contribution, we apply the Shapley Value regression analysis that provides consistent results in the presence of multicollinearity both for regression and discriminant functions. We also show how the linear discriminant function can be constructed as a multiple regression, and how the logistic regression can be approximated by linear regression that helps to obtain the variables contribution in the linear aggregate.

Piercing the Corporate Veil: The Responsibility of Member states of an International Organization

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Murray
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Member State ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Member States ◽  
Draft Article ◽  
Legal Limit ◽  
Primary Rule

AbstractThis paper applies two manifestations of the principle of good faith – pacta sunt servanda and the doctrine of abuse of rights – to the complex relationship between member states and international organizations. The paper argues that these existing doctrines operate as a legal limit on the conduct of states when creating, controlling and functioning within international organizations. The paper begins by exploring an innovative provision in the International Law Commission's recently finalised Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations – Draft Article 61 – according to which a member state will bear international responsibility for the act of an international organization where the member state uses the organization to circumvent its own international obligations. Examining the development of Draft Article 61 and the jurisprudence upon which it is based, this paper argues that the principle which the Commission in fact seeks to articulate in Draft Article 61 is that of good faith in the performance of treaties. As such, being based on a primary rule of international law, this paper queries whether Draft Article 61 belongs in a set of secondary rules. The paper then considers the role of states in the decision-making organs of international organizations and argues that the widely held presumption against member state responsibility for participation in decision-making organs can and should be displaced in certain cases, in recognition of the various voting mechanisms in international organizations and the varied power which certain states may wield. The paper argues that the doctrine of abuse of rights operates as a fundamental legal limit on the exercise of a member state's voting discretion, and thereby forms a complementary primary obligation placed on states in the context of their participation in international organizations.

Explaining the directionality of gang violence with court records

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Bichler ◽  
Alexis Norris ◽  
Citlalik Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Quadratic Assignment ◽  
Gang Violence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Explanatory Factors

Purpose Studies of gang violence typically use police reports to investigate the structure of gang conflict, but overreliance on a singular data source could impede crime control efforts. Extending networked criminology, this study aims to explore what court records reveal about the directionality of gang conflicts. Design/methodology/approach Controlling for the presence of a civil gang injunction (CGI), the authors use multivariate quadratic assignment procedure regression models to disentangle factors thought to account for structural patterns of gang violence mapped from 933 prosecutions involving 307 gangs associated with violent conflict affecting the City of Los Angeles (1998–2013). Specifically, the authors compare competitive advantage to the explanatory power of turf proximity. Findings One measure of turf proximity outperforms all other explanatory factors – gangs with turf centrally positioned in a turf adjacency matrix are significantly more likely to launch attacks, be victimized and exhibit the highest levels of imbalance in their violent involvements. Regarding competitive advantage, the number of cliques and level of internal conflict are significant. Finally, being subject to a CGI is associated with initiating violence. Originality/value Court cases offer a feasible alternative to police data when investigating patterns of intergroup street gang violence.

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