The Presidency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Manor
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
Heads Of State

This chapter assesses the role of Indian presidents—heads of state in this parliamentary system. At most times, they are legally required to comply with the formal “advice” of ministers. But in certain circumstance—for example, in deciding which party leader should be invited to form a government after an election or the fall of a government—they must act independently. This chapter discusses the varied approaches—assertive or restrained—of different presidents. It also analyses the remarkably broad freedom that presidents often enjoy from historical precedents. The chapter concludes with a detailed analysis of the devices which presidents may employ to maximize their room for manoeuvre, including one which has never been used (and has scarcely been recognized) but which could trigger a constitutional crisis.

Factors that Impede or Facilitate Post-Conflict Justice Mechanisms?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn L. Rothe ◽  
Scott Maggard
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Post Conflict

This article provides an overview of post-conflict justice (PCJ) as well as a detailed analysis of factors that impede or facilitate the implementation of mechanisms to address the atrocities of a conflict. Grounded in an extensive new dataset, developed over the past three years, covering all conflicts in Africa between 1946 and 2009, we extend previous research by including empirical testing of previously untested assumptions and variables impacting PCJ, most notably, the role of power, politics, economics, and geo-strategic interests at the state and international political levels as well as combining previously tested variables amongst and between each other. Further, the aspects of PCJ, including conflicts where mechanisms were not deployed are included in the analysis along with those coded as symbolic in nature. We conclude by discussing the pragmatic issues associated with testing the concept of realpolitik and policy implications based on our analysis.

The History of the Creation of the VII State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
K. S. Guzev
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Scien Tists ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Objective Necessity

Introduction. The objective necessity of the appearance of this code of laws for the pharmaceu-tical industry is shown. The proofs of the readiness of all branches of pharmacy to develop the text of the Pharmacopoeia, taking into account modern international requirements for scientific and practical activities in the development, manufacture and production of medicines, are presented.Text. The work presents the history of the creation of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. The sequence of steps for the formation of the Pharmacopoeia Commission, the stages of its activities for the preparation of the updated text of the Pharmacopoeia is described, a detailed analysis of the prepared text is given in comparison with the current Pharmacopoeia of the VI edition (1910). Various points of view of experts on the content of the main text are cited, which served as the basis for the new document. The role of domestic scien-tists-pharmacists in the development and publication of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR is evaluated.Conclusion. The role of the Pharmacopoeia Commission in the timely development of the text of the new edition of the State Pharmacopoeia is emphasized. The fact of its wide discussion among experts and the novelty of the approach, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of the entire industry, are noted.

scholarly journals The role of the constitutional complaint in the legislative process: Comparative legal aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (69) ◽  
pp. 833-850
Author(s):  
Nataliia I. Brovko ◽  
Liudmyla P. Medvid ◽  
Ihor Y. Mahnovskyi ◽  
Vusal A. Ahmadov ◽  
Maksym I. Leonenko
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
State Government ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Heads Of State

The article deals with the role of constitutional complaint in the system of quality assurance of the state legislation, for protection of the rights and freedoms. Constitutional complaints, as well as their optimal models, require detailed research. Comparative analysis and survey are the main methods. The subject of a constitutional complaint in the model proposed by the authors may be laws or their individual provisions, regulations of heads of state, government, other statutes and regulations, individual administrative acts, judgements in specific cases. Citizens, foreigners, stateless persons, and legal entities are subjects who have the right to file a constitutional complaint. The authors attribute the following conditions of admissibility of a constitutional complaint: the presence and proof of violation of his/its constitutional rights and freedoms, the use of all other remedies to protect violated rights and freedoms, compliance with deadlines for filing a constitutional complaint in some countries, and payment of state duty. The model proposed by the authors is, however, universal, and further needs to be detailed for countries of interest.

scholarly journals MODERN SUBMISSION OF FORMATION, COMPOSITION AND ROLE OF ORAL (DENTAL) BIOFILM IN DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1761-1764
Author(s):  
Maria O. Stetsyk ◽  
Andriy O. Stetsyk ◽  
Natalia I. Zhero ◽  
Eugene Y. Kostenko ◽  
Svetlana B. Kostenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Dental Biofilm ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Depth Study

The aim: To investigate current trends in the study of oral biofilm and its control. Materials and methods: A research of 32 literature sources has been made and it has been taken into account that some terminological differences in determining objects of study. Conclusions: Detailed analysis of modern domestic and foreign literature argues the necessity of further in-depth study of oral biofilms. Understanding the ethiological factors and mechanisms of the pathogenesis periodontal tissues inflammatory diseases gives the opportunity to treat targetly by destroying complicated sections of the vital activities and oral biofilm microorganisms relationships.

scholarly journals Institutional Economics: Rhetoric and Myths

Upravlenie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Ерзнкян ◽  
Bagrat Yerznkyan
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Scientific Fields

This article analyzes the application of rhetoric in institutional economics interpreted in various – evaluative, disciplinary, instrumental – aspects. When considering the rhetoric with the evaluative position the emphasis is done not on the positive and neutral, but on its negative – for the recipients – treatment. In terms of disciplinary or specific scientific fields, the main attention is paid to the system, as well as evolutionaryinstitutional approach. A detailed analysis of rhetorical instruments that serve as a tool for manipulating the target audience is done. On the example of the study of place and role of cultural code in economic research it is shown by which rhetorical means myths are introduced into scientific circulation.

scholarly journals Industry 4.0 and their application in medicine and dentistry, as well as the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic

Tehnika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-520
Author(s):  
Nemanja Majstorović ◽  
Vidosav Majstorović ◽  
Radivoje Mitrović ◽  
Žarko Mišković
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Complete System ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Review Study ◽  
The Individual

Basics: Industry 4.0 is a realized reality, which already today has a growing application in medicine and dentistry. So, at this moment, its application is especially important in the fight against covid-19. Aim of the paper: The purpose of this review paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the field of medicine and dentistry and to identify research directions, including future applications, especially for covid-19. Material and method: A detailed analysis of papers on Industry 4.0 in medicine, dentistry and related fields was performed and possible applications and directions of research were identified, especially for covid-19.Result: Through this review study, we identified different technologies, opportunities and research status of Industry 4.0 in the field of medicine, dentistry and covid-19 pandemic, through 19 areas of application. We can say that Industry 4.0 will become an essential part of tomorrow's smart factory of medical and dental devices. Conclusion: Industry 4.0 shows a wide range of possibilities for the production of newly adapted implants (medical and dental) and innovative tools and instruments for the field of medicine and dentistry. This model enables the creation of a digital clinic and digital office, with a complete system of medical and dental monitoring, which meets the individual requirements of the patient, thus creating the industry of medicine and dentistry with optimization of treatment time and costs. In the future, Industry 4.0 will create new capabilities and innovative protocols for the treatment and care of patients, both in medicine and dentistry.

scholarly journals Modernizing the flow of blood: Biomedical technicians, working knowledge and the transformation of Swedish blood centre practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boel Berner ◽  
Maria Björkman
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Paradigm Change ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Instruments And Techniques ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
Donated Blood ◽  
New Procedures

The early 1980s saw a ‘paradigm change’ in how donated blood was handled and used by blood centres, hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. In Sweden, a five-year state-financed R&D programme initiated a swift modernization process, an alleged ‘revolution’ of existing blood centre practices. In this article, we use interviews and archival material to analyse the role of female biomedical technicians in this rapid technical and organizational change. In focus is their working knowledge, or savoir-faire, of blood, instruments and techniques. We give a detailed analysis of technicians’ embrained and embodied skills to create safety in blood and its representations, handle contingencies and invent new procedures and techniques. These transformations are analysed as sociomaterial entanglements, where the doing and undoing of gender, sociomaterial practices, hierarchies of authority and expertise, and emotions are intertwined.

Linkage Politics and Complex Governance in Transatlantic Surveillance

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-554
Author(s):  
Henry Farrell ◽  
Abraham L. Newman
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Heads Of State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opening Up

Globalization blurs the traditional distinction between high and low politics, creating connections between previously discrete issue areas. An important existing literature focuses on how states may intentionally tie policy areas together to enhance cooperation. Building on recent scholarship in historical institutionalism, the authors emphasize how the extent of political discretion enjoyed by heads of state to negotiate and implement international agreements varies across issue areas. When policy domains are linked, so too are different domestic political configurations, each with its own opportunity structures or points of leverage. Opening up the possibility for such variation, the article demonstrates how actors other than states, such as nonstate and substate actors, use the heterogeneity of opportunity structures to influence negotiations and their institutional consequences. The authors examine the theory's purchase on international cooperation over intelligence, privacy, and data exchange in the transatlantic space in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the revelations made public by Edward Snowden in 2013. The findings speak to critical international relations debates, including the role of nonstate actors in diplomacy, the interaction between domestic and international politics, and the consequences of globalization and digital technologies for the relationship between international political economy and security.

Is Gandhi’s Approach to Technology Irrelevant in the Modern Age of Technology?

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-137
Author(s):  
Douglas Allen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Herbert Marcuse ◽  
Power Elite ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Power Elite

Gandhi’s most important work on technology, Hind Swaraj, seems hopelessly ignorant, anti-modern, and anti-technology. This essay focuses on Gandhi’s perplexing writings on technology, maintaining that Gandhi’s critiques and alternatives are very significant today, but only if we are creatively selective in appropriating, reformulating, and reapplying what remains insightful. It presents a detailed analysis of Hind Swaraj and technology and Gandhi’s debates with Nehru, Tagore, and others. This essay then considers Gandhi’s positions on “modern civilization,” true civilization, and technology, and the future significance of Gandhi’s approach to technology. Included are contributions from Herbert Marcuse and other twentieth-century scholars and formulations of contemporary crises such as climate change and growing inequality with the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the power elite. We consider the insights of a dynamic, contextually relevant Gandhian position on the appropriate role of technology in addressing such personal existential and global crises.

Two types of presidentialization in the party politics of Central Eastern Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vít Hloušek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
The One ◽  
Governmental Politics

IntroduzioneCentral Eastern European party politics offers a good example of the trend towards centralizing internal party decision making, as well as encouraging strong personalities in the role of party leader. This trend is visible in all three major spheres of party activity: election campaigning, the internal organization of parties, and governmental politics. This paper focusses on the party systems of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia to demonstrate that there are actually two processes of presidentialization that occur in party politics. On the one hand, the role of the leader is gaining importance in more traditional, well-established parties such as the Civic and Social Democrats in the Czech Republic and Fidesz in Hungary. On the other hand, perhaps an even clearer presidentialization process is evident in the emergence of new protest parties focussed around strong personalities that often make no attempt to establish and maintain a more complex internal party organization.

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