Scepticism

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Terence Irwin

Sceptics maintain that they cannot find any rational resolution of the apparent conflicts among different people’s views on ethics (among other things), and that their inability causes them to suspend judgment. In the face of variation among ethical beliefs between different people and different societies they recognize no rational grounds for forming any ethical beliefs. In drawing this conclusion from ethical variation the Sceptics disagree with Aristotle’s argument to show that variation does not undermine ethical beliefs. They claim to live without ethical beliefs, and indeed claim to achieve happiness this way, identifying happiness with the tranquillity that results from freedom from the anxiety that disturbs anyone who tries to form rational beliefs. Opponents of the Sceptics argue that life without beliefs leaves the Sceptics incapable of the sort of action that constitutes a tolerable human life.

Author(s):  
Alejandra María Díaz-Tamayo

Abstract Over the years, Colombia has faced disaster situations that have generated changes in risk management models. These situations have brought suffering, destruction, and loss of human life, but have also served as lessons to develop procedures aimed at minimizing the risks caused by the presence of hazards. The objective of this article is to provide general evidence-based guidelines for formulating disaster risk management plans for each of the 3 action processes: risk awareness, risk reduction, and disaster management in Colombia. These plans can be achieved by preparing responses to different emergencies, which arise from threats in each of the possible scenarios, and are adverse events that alter the normal functioning of entities and communities. The implementation of these prevention strategies will allow communities to respond effectively to emergencies and recover rapidly in the face of adversity.


Lumen et Vita ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Nutter

Rather than being of little practical importance, the metaphysical underpinnings of a given horizon determine the character of its existential problematic. With the breakdown of classical metaphysics concomitant with the modern turn to the subjective, the existential problematic of finitude as ultimate horizon arose. According to this subjective turn, the human person can no longer engage the world as though it were in itself constituted by transcendently grounded meaning and value. Standing within this genealogical lineage, Martin Heidegger undertook a phenomenological investigation into the existential constitution of the human person which defines authenticity in terms of finitude. For the early Heidegger, human life is essentially ‘guilty’. This guilt, however, is not the traditional cognizance of one’s sinfulness, but the foundational Nichtigkeit (‘nullity’) of life and its attendant possibilities in the light of the ultimate finality of death. Authenticity, then, consists of a resolute working out of one’s life in the face of such inevitable finality. For the later Heidegger, the finite horizon of a particular epochal disclosure gifts Being to thought and determines it thereby. Authenticity in this case consists of giving oneself over to be appropriated by an event of Being. In contrast, Lonergan understands authenticity as being true to that primordial love which beckons us to intellectual probity and responsibility in working out life’s possibilities. This essay will illustrate how Lonergan’s analysis of the intentional structure of human conscious operations stands as a corrective to Heidegger’s early existential analysis of human being-in-the-world and later thought about Being. While Lonergan defines authenticity as loving openness to transcendent Being, Heidegger, because of his forgetfulness of the subject in her conscious operations, does not allow for a transcendence which stands beyond any finite horizon. 


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Ghodbane Mokhtar

Air conditioning is one of the indispensable conditions of well-being in human life, so the face of this research to provide this basic necessity in remote areas and in desert places far from power grids. To achieve this goal, solar air conditioning has been adopted, where the compressor was replaced by an ejector, a parabolic trough solar collector and a small pump; this means that the solar air conditioner does not need a huge amount of electrical energy to operate. This paper is studding the thermodynamic cycles of this air conditioner as a function of changing the climatic conditions of Bouzaréah region in Algeria under several practical conditions of heat exchangers (Condenser, Evaporator and Generator). This study will allow the determination of the optical and thermal efficiency of the solar collector used as a solar thermal generator, refrigeration subsystem performance (COPEje) and system thermal ratio of the air conditioner, where the cooling load is estimated at 18 kW.


Author(s):  
Krzysztof Michalski

This chapter turns to Plato's Phaedo as well as the Gospel of Matthew: two narratives about death, and two visions of human nature. Christ's cry on the cross, as told by Matthew, gives voice to an understanding of human life that is radically different from that of Socrates. For Phaedo's Socrates, the truly important things in life are ideas: the eternal order of the world, the understanding of which leads to unperturbed peace and serenity in the face of death. The Gospel is the complete opposite: it testifies to the incurable presence of the Unknown in every moment of life, a presence that rips apart every human certainty built on what is known, that disturbs all peace, all serenity—that severs the continuity of time, opening every moment of our lives to nothingness, thereby inscribing within them the possibility of an abrupt end and the chance at a new beginning.


Philosophy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-501
Author(s):  
Mikel Burley

AbstractPhilosophy as well as anthropology is a discipline concerned with what it means to be human, and hence with investigating the multiple ways of making sense of human life. An important task in this process is to remain open to diverse conceptions of human beings, not least conceptions that may on the face of it appear to be morally alien. A case in point are conceptions that are bound up with cannibalism, a practice sometimes assumed to be so morally scandalous that it probably never happens, at least in a culturally sanctioned form. Questioning this assumption, along with Cora Diamond's contention that the very concept of a human being involves a prohibition against consuming human flesh, the present article explores how cannibalism can have an intelligible place in a human society – exemplified by the Wari’ of western Brazil. By coming to see this, we are enabled to enlarge our conception of the heterogeneity of possible ways of being human.


Horizons ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Marie L. Baird

AbstractJohann Baptist Metz has exhorted Christian theologians to discard “system concepts” in favor of “subject concepts” in their theologizing. This revisioning of Christian theology recovers the primacy of the uniqueness and irreplaceability of the individual from totalizing doctrinal formulations and systems that function, for Metz, without reference to the subject. In short, a revisionist Christian theology in light of the Holocaust recovers the preeminence of the inviolability of individual human life.How can such a revisioning be accomplished in the realm of Christian spirituality? This article will utilize the thought of Emmanuel Levinas to assert the primacy of ethics as “first philosophy” replacing ontology, and by implication the ontological foundations undergirding Christian spirituality, with the ethical relation. Such a relation is the basis for a new Christian spirituality that posits the primacy of merciful and compasionate action in the face of conditions of life in extremity.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 238146832091431
Author(s):  
Paul Slovic

In this keynote address delivered at the 41st Annual North American Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making, I discuss the psychology behind valuing human lives. Research confirms what we experience in our daily lives. We are inconsistent and sometimes incoherent in our valuation of human life. We value individual lives greatly, but these lives lose their value when they become part of a larger crisis. As a result, we do too little to protect human lives in the face of catastrophic threats from violence, natural disasters, and other causes. In medicine, this may pose difficult choices when treating individual patients with expensive therapies that keep hope alive but are not cost-effective for the population, for example, with end of life. Lifesaving judgments and decisions are highly context-dependent, subject to many forms of response mode and framing effects and affective biases. This has implications for risk communication and the concept of shared decision making. Slower, more introspective decision making may reduce some of the biases associated with fast, intuitive decisions. But slow thinking can also introduce serious biases. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of fast and slow thinking is a necessary first step toward valuing lives humanely and improving decisions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
Tony Svetelj ◽  

Modern comprehension of religion and violence, particularly modern attitudes toward religious violence, is the main topic of this paper. Mainstream secularization theory states that religion triggers conflict, tension, oppression, violence, and even war. As a continuation of this theory, the “myth of religious violence” assumes that religion is intrinsically connected with terror. These two narratives provide no sufficient proof for their claim about the irrelevance of religion; nonetheless, these narratives are expressions of the human agent’s struggle in his/her search for meaning. Referring to Gianni Vattimo’s idea of weak thought (pensiero debole), this writing proposes a narrative that treats religious and spiritual dimensions of human identity as essential for human life, as a source of remarkable consolation and hope in enduring the terror of violence, and as an opening to the new transcendental dimension of the ultimate meaning of human life.


2018 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
Maiia Polekhina

Representation of the fear of deathin modern Russian war literatureThis article is focusing on one of the relevant problems of modern war prose, “people in the face of death” through the lens of anthropology and culture history. The concept of war itself is accompanied with a discussion of a number of existential issues, the fear of death in war is reviewed as the state in which a human recognizes the real possibility of his non-existence, something that absorbs and disintegrates the human. The fear of non-existence in this case is not a result of thoughts of natural life cycle, but of the recognition of inevitability of one’s demise as living through one’s own finality, eschatology. The constant presence of the Reaper in war changes the protagonists worldview, shows the fragility of human life, makes them live every moment differently and at the same time devalues life in and of itself. This is what makes the issue of human behaviour at Death’s door relevant. Each and every instance of encountering death creates different reactions, however, the fear of non-existence, its measurement or lack thereof is an indicative of individuality, readiness in the wake of eternity. The opposition of existence and non-existence is expanded through defining a specific and described category of non-existence, which is presented as a special kind of Death’s cultural ontology, the roots of which go into Russian modernism, albeit without characteristic romanticizing of it. Dominant in such mortality are the fear of “the void”, “finality of all being”, bearing in the context of modern prose a diverse spectrum of axiological connotations. The fear of non-existence is also viewed from the point of being afraid of being God-forsaken in case of a global historic disaster, which can only be combatted with recognition of infinite universe and infinity of one’s inner universe, of eternal life and of endless mercy of God.Репрезентацiя страху смертіутворах сучасної російської літератури про війнуУ статті розглядається одна з актуальних проблем сучасної прози про війну: особистість перед обличчям смерті в культурно-історичному та антропологічному контексті. Концепт „війна”, повязаний з осмисленням цілого ряду екзистенціальних проблем, страх смерті на війні досліджується як стан, в якому людина усвідомлює можливість свого не-буття, як дещо поглинаюче і розвтiлюче в людині людину. Страх не-буття породжується не думкою людини про те, що все має тимчасовий характер, а його усвідомленням неминучості власної загибелі, це пережита людиною власна кінцівка, есхатологія. Відчуття постійної присутності смерті на війні змінює уявлення героїв про світ, показує крихкість людського життя, змушує по-особливому відчувати кожну його мить і одночасно знецінює життя як акт існування. Тому так гостро постає питання про поведінку людини перед обличчям смерті. Кожен факт зіткнення індивідуума зі смертю породжує різні реакції, але страх не-буття, його міра або його відсутність уявляє собою маркер індивідуальності, її готовності зустрічі з вічністю. Характер опозиції буття — не-буття поширюється за рахунок введеної і маркованої графічно категорії не-буття, що постає особливим типом культурної онтології смерті, витоки якого криються в російському модернізмi, однак без характерної для нього романтизації. Домінантами такого типу мортальності є страх порожнечі, кінцівки всього сущого, що володіють в контексті сучасної прози різноманітним спектром аксиологiчних конотацій. Страх не-буття розглядається як страх богооставленостi людини в ситуації глобальної історичної катастрофи, протистояння з яким можливо через усвідомлення нескінченності світу і людини, через віру у вічне життя, в безмежну милість Бога.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Murni Cahyani ◽  
Kadaryati Kadaryati ◽  
Bagiya Bagiya

This research aims to describe: (1) intrinsic elements; (2) local wisdom contained in the novel Bidadari Bermata Bening by Habiburrahman El Shirazy; (3) the plan to implement the learning of Bening Edged Bening novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy in class XII of SMA. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The results of this study concluded that (1) the intrinsic elements of the Bidadari Bering Bening novel, namely (a) themes: the major themes of the story of a woman's struggle in sustaining life, minor themes include, matchmaking, self-esteem, romance; (b) figures and characterizations: the main characters, namely Ayna and Gus Afif. Ayna is intelligent, assertive, patient and loyal, Gus Afif is intelligent, shy, responsible, humble, and independent; (c) flow: forward, (d) setting: setting, including Kanzul Ulum Islamic Boarding School, Lombok and Bait Ibni Sabil; time settings include morning, afternoon, evening and night; socio-cultural background including Javanese socio-cultural background); (e) point of view: the point of view of the all-knowing third person; (f) mandate: never put down others, never give up, and always be patient in the face of life's trials; (2) Local wisdoms in the Bidadari Bering Bening novel include (a) languages: Javanese, (b) knowledge systems: natural surroundings, natural flora, natural flora, and the characteristics and behavior of humans, (c) social organizations: systems kinship, (d) equipment of human life: food and shelter and housing, (e) livelihood system: merchants, (f) religious system: religious rituals and teachers / religious leaders, (g) arts: shadow puppets; (3) The plan for implementing novel text learning in class XII SMA based on the 2013 curriculum is contained in the basic competence 3.9 analyzing the contents of the novel and the language of the novel. The method used is a scientific-based Inquiry Learning method. Keywords: Clear-eyed Angels, intrinsic elements, local wisdom.


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