Morphomic patterns, suppletion, and the Romance morphological landscape

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Maiden
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
History Of

This chapter uses especially cases of suppletion in the history of Romance languages to illustrate the role of morphomic patterns in diachrony. It also places Romance verb morphology in the wider context of Romance inflexional morphology, including those of the noun and of the adjective. It observes that suppletion practically never assumes anything but a morphomic distribution and is practically limited to the verb. Comparison is made with some Italo-Romance and Daco-Romance varieties where suppletion is indeed (occasionally) found in the noun and adjective (and is usually not morphomic). The evidence suggests that speakers, faced with different ways of expressing identical lexical meaning, exploit whatever patterns of root allomorphy happen to be already available in the language. In the Romance verb these are only morphomic; in the noun and adjective such patterns are scarcely found at all, but where they are they tend to be aligned with number.

The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Maiden ◽  
Adina Dragomirescu ◽  
Gabriela Pană Dindelegan ◽  
Oana Uţă ◽  
Rodica Zafiu
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Historical Romance ◽  
Finite Form ◽  
Case System ◽  
Distinctive Morphology ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Morphological System

Romanian is one of the most morphologically complex Romance languages. This book is the first ever comprehensive and accessible account of how that morphological system evolved. Here are some of the most salient morphological traits distinctive of this language: it possesses an inflexional case system; unlike other Romance languages, it has an inflexional vocative; the morphological marking of number reached such a level of unpredictability that, for most nouns (and for many adjectives), the form of the plural must be independently specified alongside that of the singular; in addition to masculine and feminine, it seems to possess a third gender, often referred to as a ‘neuter’; its verb system contains a non-finite form, which apparently continues the Latin supine; the infinitive has undergone a morphological split such that one form functions now purely as a noun, while the other remains purely a verb; the distinctive morphology of the subjunctive has largely disappeared; lastly, noun and verb morphology are deeply permeated by the effects of successive sound changes, which have created remarkably complex patterns of allomorphy. The origins of many of these developments are problematic, indeed controversial. Moreover, they are problematic in ways that are of interest not only to broader historical Romance linguistics but, even more broadly, to morphological theory tout court. The Oxford History of Romanian Morphology shows how the features listed here are relevant to students and scholars interested in historical morphology generally no less than they are to Romance linguists.

scholarly journals The problem of defining the term ‘occasionalism’

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Оksana Matsko
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Phenomena

The article is devoted to the theoretical problem of defining the term “neologism”. Considering the dynamism and constant replenishment of the ocasional vocabulary fund, there is some problem in defining the very term “occasional”. The article reviews the definition of the concept of “neologism” and “occasionality” by Ukrainian and foreign linguists. Often, researchers interpret this concept more narrowly or broadly, by contrasting or comparing the concepts of “neologism”, “individually-authorial word”, and others. Neologism is the word or its lexical meaning, which, unlike the well-known and conventional lexical units or their traditional meanings, is characterized by novelty and perceived as unusual. Neologisms include lexical-semantic units that have a stylistic newness. Secondly chronological understanding of neologisms is also known. The content of this concept is much wider. It covers all new phenomena in the field of vocabulary or lexical semantics that arose during a certain, predetermined period, regardless of whether the stylistic tone of freshness and unusualness, of unconsciousness, whether it has already disappeared, or maybe it wasn’t felt even at the time of the appearance of neologism. The history of the issue and the multidimensional views of the researchers on the development of the theory of occasional word-formation are described. The role of borrowing in the formation of the neologistic vocabulary is considered. The place of the borrowed word in the active and passive dictionary is determined by the function of borrowing itself. Occasionalisms are considered as means of expressive influence on the reader, which are actualized in the language creation of many contemporary Ukrainian authors. For the reason that the formation of the individual language tastes of the writer is always influenced by the linguistic experience of his predecessors, and knowledge of various spheres of the spiritual life of the peoples of the world, numerous areas of science, art and culture, and at the same time, a close connection with the language of the native culture, with folk creativity and conversational tradition.

Finite Verb Morphology in the Romance Languages

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Esher ◽  
Franck Floricic ◽  
Martin Maiden
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Right ◽  
Morphological Expression ◽  
Finite Verb

The term finite morphology corresponds to the morphological expression of person and number and of tense, mood, and aspect in the verb. In Romance languages, these features are typically expressed “synthetically,” that is, in single word forms. These latter generally comprise a ‘root’, usually leftmost in the word, which conveys the lexical meaning of the verb, and material to the right of the root which conveys most of the grammatical meaning. But lexical and grammatical information is also characteristically ‘compressed’, or ‘conflated’ within the word, in that it can be impossible to tease apart exponents of the grammatical meanings or to extricate the expression of lexical meaning from that of grammatical meaning. The range of grammatical meanings encoded in Romance finite verb forms can vary considerably cross-linguistically. At the extremes, there are languages that have three tenses of the subjunctive, and others that have no synthetic future-tense form, and others that have two future-tense forms or no (synthetic) past-tense forms. There can also be extreme mismatches between meanings and the forms that express them: again, at the extremes, meanings may be present without formal expression, or forms may appear which correspond to no coherent meaning. Both for desinences and for patterns of root allomorphy, variation is observed with respect to the features expressed and their morphological exponence. While some categories of Latin finite synthetic verb morphology have been entirely lost, many forms are continued, with or without functional continuity. An innovation of many Romance varieties is the emergence of a new synthetic future and conditional from a periphrasis originally expressing deontic modality.

The pragmatics of grammaticalisation

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Nagy C.
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Item ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

This paper aims to identify the role of pragmatics in grammaticalisation and to highlight the particular steps in the process of the conventionalisation of conversational implicatures on the basis of a historical pragmatic study concerning the grammaticalisation of the Catalan anar ‘to go’ + infinitive construction. It also provides some comparative considerations with similar constructions in other Romance languages. The corpus contains occurrences taken from medieval Catalan chronicles. In order to reconstruct the history of anar + infinitive, the paper also considers morphological facts and other Catalan medieval periphrases. The paper concludes that implicatures play a double role in semantic change. On the one hand, they can become part of the semantic meaning attached to a certain construction as a new semantic component. On the other hand, they can promote the salience of a certain semantic component within the semantic structure of a lexical item.

scholarly journals Are there Slavonic features in the syntax of Romanian? Two case studies

Diacronia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adina Dragomirescu
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

The present paper discusses the issue of the Old Church Slavonic influence on the syntax of (old) Romanian. The starting point is the hypothesis that many of the syntactic features of Romanian previously explained by postulating the influence of (Old Church) Slavonic (especially in studies strongly influenced by ideological issues, published during the Communist period) are actually either regular transformations which occurred in the transition from Latin to Romanian, common to the other Romance languages as well, or the output of more general tendencies manifested in the history of Indo-European languages. In order to check the role of the Slavonic influence in the syntax of Romanian, we have established a working algorithm, which is applied to two phenomena from old Romanian: (i) the position of relative adjectives, and (ii) scrambling in compound verbal forms in correlation with auxiliary inversion.

scholarly journals The treatise on the history of spanish by B. de Aldrete (1606) as the first textbook of romance philology

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
M. A. Kossarik
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
State Building ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
Romance Philology

The paper analyses the role of B. de Aldrete’s treatise “Del Origen y principio de la lengua castellana o romance que oi se usa en España” (1606) in the development of Romance philology. The XVII-century author writes about the most important aspects of internal and external history of Spanish, such as: pre-Romance Spain and substratum languages; Roman conquest and romanization; Hispanic Latin; German conquests of Spain; Arabic conquest and the Reconquista; formation of kingdoms in the north and state-building processes; sociolinguistic situation in Spain; the role of Spanish in the New World; changes from Latin to Spanish in phonetics and morphology; sources of Spanish lexis; early written texts; territorial, social, functional variation of Spanish. Apart from the aspects of Spanish philology, B. de Aldrete pays attention to the formation and functioning of Pyrenean languages: Catalan, Galician, and Portuguese. However, B. de Aldrete does not limit himself to examining Ibero-Romance languages. Many aspects of the history of Spanish are shown against a wider, Romance background, bearing in mind the earlier tradition (the Antiquity, in the first place). He also confronts Spanish with other Romance languages and Latin. The analysis of the first treatise on the history of Spanish makes one reconsider B. de Aldrete’s contribution to the development of language description models and the bases of Romance philology. The treatise sets up a model of Romance philology as a full-fledged philological discipline.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of a family history of adenocarcinomas in patients with Barrett oesophagus

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A442-A442
Author(s):  
P TSIBOURIS ◽  
M HENDRICKSE ◽  
P ISAACS
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrett Oesophagus

Protective Factors and Suicidality in Members of Arab Kindred

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Hamdan ◽  
Nadine Melhem ◽  
Israel Orbach ◽  
Ilana Farbstein ◽  
Mohammad El-Haib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Suicidal Risk ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
History Of

Background: Relatively little is known about the role of protective factors in an Arab population in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Aims: To examine the role of protective factors in a subsample of in large Arab Kindred participants in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Methods: We assessed protective and risk factors in a sample of 64 participants (16 suicidal and 48 nonsuicidal) between 15 and 55 years of age, using a comprehensive structured psychiatric interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), self-reported depression, anxiety, hopelessness, impulsivity, hostility, and suicidal behavior in first-degree and second-relatives. We also used the Religiosity Questionnaire and suicide attitude (SUIATT) and multidimensional perceived support scale. Results: Suicidal as opposed to nonsuicidal participants were more likely to have a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) (68.8% vs. 22.9% χ2 = 11.17, p = .001), an anxiety disorder (87.5% vs. 22.9, χ2 = 21.02, p < .001), or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (25% vs. 0.0%, Fisher’s, p = .003). Individuals who are otherwise at high risk for suicidality have a much lower risk when they experience higher perceived social support (3.31 ± 1.36 vs. 4.96 ± 1.40, t = 4.10, df = 62, p < .001), and they have the view that suicide is somehow unacceptable (1.83 ± .10 vs. 1.89 ± .07, t = 2.76, df = 60, p = .008). Conclusions: Taken together with other studies, these data suggest that the augmentation of protective factors could play a very important role in the prevention of incidental and recurrent suicidal behavior in Arab populations, where suicidal behavior in increasing rapidly.

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