The Farm Lobby and Agricultural Policy in Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. MacLachlan ◽  
Kay Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Agricultural Cooperative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Generation ◽  
Iron Triangle ◽  
Ministerial Leadership ◽  
Household Incomes

Japanese agricultural policymaking has been changing over the past generation. For much of the postwar era, policy formulation fell under the purview of the powerful “farm lobby”—an iron triangle consisting of farm bureaucrats, conservative politicians, and Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (JA), a nationwide network of agricultural cooperative organizations. For the most part, the lobby prioritized the heavy subsidization of farm household incomes and other market-distorting redistributive measures. But by the end of the twentieth century, severe demographic and economic challenges in the countryside combined with new electoral rules to weaken the relative powers of the farm lobby and generate a gradual shift toward structural reform in the farm sector. In tracing these policy-related developments, which reached new heights during the second administration of Shinzō Abe, this chapter illuminates the significance of the organized farm vote, the empowerment of prime ministerial leadership, and the changing fortunes of agriculture in Japan.

scholarly journals Rising Income Inequality and Living Standards in OECD Countries: How Does the Middle Fare?

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Stefan Thewissen ◽  
Lane Kenworthy ◽  
Brian Nolan ◽  
Max Roser ◽  
Tim Smeeding
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Generation ◽  
Top Income Shares ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Household Incomes

Income inequality has increased in a number of the rich democratic nations over the past generation. We examine whether this has reduced income growth for middleincome households. Using LIS, OECD and WID data, we show how median household incomes and income inequality have evolved between 1980 and 2013, and we analyse whether these trends are related. Growth in median incomes is negatively associated with changes in the Gini but not with changes in top income shares. Economic growth is strongly associated with growth in median incomes, although it does not seem to fully transmit.

Tata kelola internal dan eksternal untuk mengatasi permasalahan pangan di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Hendriyantore
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Open Government ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Agricultural Cooperative ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Good Access ◽  
Descriptive Method

The effort to put good governance in development in Indonesia is basically not new. Since the Reformation, the transformation of closed government into an open government (inclusive) has begun to be pursued. Highlighting the conflicts in the land sector that tend to strengthen lately, there are some issues that have intensified conflicts in the field, such as the lack of guaranteed land rights in various legal and policy products. In this paper, a descriptive method is considered important in identifying the applicable issue and methodological framework for addressing governance issues in Indonesia. To reduce such agrarian conflicts between farmers and the government, and as an effort to increase farmers' income, all farmers are incorporated into agricultural cooperatives. Agricultural cooperatives are structured down to the National Level. Thus, farmers participate in good access to the marketing of agricultural produce.Keywords:good governance, agrarian conflict, agricultural cooperative

Theodore W. Schultz. The Economics of Being Poor. Oxford: Blackwell. 1993. ix+340 pp.+ Index. Hardbound. £ 40.00.

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Economic Journals ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Demand For Children

Improving the material conditions of the poor has been the main focus of economic policy formulation for the past fifty years or so. Thus, in this connection, a vast body of literature has been published which deals with such issues as identifying the poor and suggesting remedies to alleviate their lot. The book by Theodore W. Schultz deals specifically with the economics of the poor. The book is primarily a collection of articles the author wrote over a fortyyear period (1950-1990), and these have been published previously in a number of leading economic journals. The articles have been grouped under three headings: "Most People Are Poor"; "Investing in Skills and Knowledge"; and "Effects of Human Capital". The articles basically deal with the concept of human capital. There is a logical sequence to the articles that make up this book; the poor are identified and steps are then suggested to improve their standing. Issues such as women's economic emancipation and the demand for children are highlighted in the collection of articles dealing with these two subjects. By investing in themselves through education, the poor raise their level of skills, and thus their level of wages/salaries, allowing them to enjoy higher standards of living.

Signs and Arguments in Parmenides B8

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard McKirahan
Keyword(s):  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Generation ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Enormous Amount

David Sedley recently complained that despite the enormous amount of work on Parmenides in the past generation, the details of Parmenides' arguments have received insufficient attention. It is universally recognized that Parmenides' introduction of argument into philosophy was a move of paramount importance. It is also recognized that the arguments of fragment B8 are closely related. At the beginning of B8, Parmenides asserts that what-is has several attributes; he offers a series of proofs that what-is indeed has those attributes. This article undertakes a close analysis of fragment B8, teasing out the structure of the arguments, and showing what parts of the traditional and new interpretations of Parmenides those arguments do (or do not) support. It presents some surprising conclusions and opens up spaces for new interpretations.

scholarly journals ANALISIS MANFAAT EKONOMI DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KELANCARAN PENGEMBALIAN KREDIT (STUDI KASUS PADA KOPERASI PERTANIAN SEANDANAN KABUPATEN PESAWARAN)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Roni Mustofa ◽  
Dyah Aring Hepiana Lestari ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Affandi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Agricultural Cooperative ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
One Year

This study aims to analyze the economic benefits, income of rice farming, allocation of credit usage and analyze the factors affecting the chances of the smoothness rate of return at Seandanan Agricultural Cooperatives. The research is conducted at Seandanan Agricultural Cooperative in Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province, which is determined intentionally.  The research data were taken in July 2019.  This study uses a case study method.  Respondents in this study are 70 rice farmers member of Seandanan Agricultural Cooperative. The data analysis method use descriptive qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results showed that the economic benefits received by members of cooperative in one year is IDR1,711,312.47 and in high category. The average income of rice farming received by members of the Seandanan Agricultural Cooperative in one year has been classified as high, in the amount over cash costs and over total costs, respectively, of IDR17,308,552.78 and IDR16,416,268.56.  Allocation of credit of cooperative membersconsistd of 58.85% for productive activities and the rest, 41.15% for consumptive activities.  Factors that affect the chances of the smoothness rate of credit return by rice farmers members of Seandanan Agricultural Cooperative are the education level of farmers and the allocation of productive credit usage.Key words: agricultural cooperatives, consumptive, credit, and productive

scholarly journals The Invisible Justice Problem

Daedalus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Caplan
Keyword(s):  
Access To Justice ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Legal Problem ◽  
National Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Generation ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Right ◽  
Winner Take All ◽  
Past Half

Understanding is sparse about the lives of people who are poor and struggling economically and who need help in solving a legal problem and don't get it. Politics over the past half-century has made them largely invisible. In that period, attacks of the right on the provision of access to justice have rested on the triumph of laissez-faire views: the fresh embrace of markets and the free-enterprise system. The upshot has been the winner-take-all economy of the past generation, in which improved access to justice is largely a nonissue. For access to become a priority of a national movement, it needs champions in national politics, not just in the legal profession. It needs powerful champions who advocate for greatly increased and improved access to justice as a primary American commitment.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Agricultural Cooperatives Towards Enhancing Food Security in Rural Areas: Mbombela Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 661-674
Author(s):  
Confidence Ndlovu ◽  
Mfundo M. Masuku
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Mpumalanga Province ◽  
Agricultural Cooperative ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Business Entities

This paper aimed to explore the effectiveness of agricultural cooperatives towards the enhancement of food security in rural areas. The formation of agricultural cooperatives in South Africa is a prerequisite for obtaining government support concerning activities aimed at social and economic development. It is well-documented that agricultural cooperatives are business entities and vehicles for food security. However, this review sustained that agricultural cooperative do not completely alleviate the vulnerability of food-insecure households because of the dearth of institutional support and sufficient productive resources.  Focus group discussions with six agricultural cooperatives and four face-to-face in-depth interviews with municipal officials were conducted to envisage the improvement of food security through agricultural cooperatives. Using thematic analysis to analyse data, findings confirmed that institutional support improves the efficiency of agricultural cooperatives at the local level. Furthermore, institutional support enhances productivity which renders the cooperatives as a supplementary intervention to food security. However, there is a gap in enabling access to agricultural inputs, such as funding for access to farming equipment. This paper recommends the implementation of a cooperative management structure to enhance planning, coordination, and monitoring. The municipality should review the agricultural cooperative governance frameworks to achieve enabling environments for farming activities

Rural Development in South Korea, 1950s–1970s

2020 ◽  
pp. 80-116
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Looney
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Urban Bias ◽  
Rural Change ◽  
Agricultural Cooperative ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Extension Agencies ◽  
Rural Institutions ◽  
Household Incomes

This chapter explains South Korea's mixed record of rural development. It begins with an overview of rural change in the postwar period and shows that agriculture did not contribute much to the overall economy or to rural household incomes because of an adverse policy environment. The situation improved in the 1970s, with noticeable gains in production, incomes, and infrastructure, although progress was uneven in each of these areas. The chapter then discusses rural institutions and the shift away from urban bias. It argues that agriculture underperformed because land reform was insufficient for long-term growth and because South Korea's rural institutions were relatively weak. The Ministry of Agriculture was low in the bureaucratic hierarchy, and its extension agencies never developed deep roots in society. The National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) in particular was qualitatively different from its counterpart in Taiwan; it was an appendage of the state that exhibited linkage but not autonomy. Rural policy was implemented in a more rigid, top-down manner, with less participation from small farmers and fewer people advocating on their behalf. The South Korean case illustrates both the strengths and weaknesses of a campaign approach to development. The New Village Movement essentially reset the priorities of every branch of government, temporarily overriding other work.

scholarly journals Farms in the less favoured area conditions in Slovakia

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľ. Szabo ◽  
M. Grznár
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production Conditions ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Legal Entities

The paper deals with the management of agricultural businesses that operate in low-production conditions known as the LFA (Less Favoured Areas). Under these conditions, there are more than half of farms – legal entities. The past analyses have suggested that these farms are gaining more support funds, but objectively their costs are higher. The disparity is reflected in almost half of the loss-making farms, with worse results achieved more by agricultural cooperatives than by business companies. In the terms of the measures implemented in the rural development plan, the LFA farms apply multifunctional production structures. Slovak farms operating in the LFA conditions in the EU do not achieve the performance of the average LFA farms in the EU-25; however, they neither receive the amount of supports received by these farms in the Union.

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