The Emergence of Moral Responses and Sensitivity

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-287
Author(s):  
J. Kiley Hamlin ◽  
Enda Tan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Moral Sensitivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multicultural Perspective

Where does human moral sensitivity come from? In this chapter, the authors review research on the development of moral sensitivity in the first 2 years of life. Specifically, they present empirical evidence showing that infants are sensitive to third-party sociomoral interactions in the harm and fairness domains, and they examine the impact of sociomoral evaluations on infants’ social preferences, social interactions, and social expectations. They further discuss mechanisms and factors shaping sociomoral development, alternative interpretations of infants’ responses to sociomoral scenarios, and individual differences in sociomoral sensitivity and morally relevant behaviors. Future research should adopt a multicultural perspective and explore the implications of infants’ sociomoral evaluations across the life span.

scholarly journals Personality and Friendship Satisfaction in Daily Life: Do Everyday Social Interactions Account for Individual Differences in Friendship Satisfaction?

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Wilson ◽  
Kelci Harris ◽  
Simine Vazire
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interpersonal Processes ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Friendship Satisfaction

Who are the people who maintain satisfying friendships? And, what are the behaviours that might explain why those people achieve high friendship satisfaction? We examined the associations between personality (self–reports and peer–reports) and friendship satisfaction (self–reports) among 434 students. We also examined whether role personality (how people act with their friends) and quantity and quality of social interactions using ecological momentary assessment mediate the associations between personality and friendship satisfaction. Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and (low) neuroticism were associated with higher levels of friendship satisfaction. These associations could not be accounted for by individual differences in role personality. In addition, our results suggest that quantity of time spent with friends and quality of friend interactions (depth of conversation, self–disclosure and lack of emotion suppression), although associated with friendship satisfaction, do not account for the associations between trait personality and friendship satisfaction. Future research should examine other potential interpersonal processes that explain why some people are more satisfied with their friendships than others and the consequences of friendship satisfaction (e.g. for well–being). Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Technology-Driven Solutions to Prompt Conversation, Aid Communication and Support Interaction for People With Dementia and Their Caregivers: A Systematic Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Hoel ◽  
Carine Mendom Feunou ◽  
Karin Wolf-Ostermann
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Conversation Partner ◽  
Person With Dementia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The impact of dementia on communication capabilities can result in difficulties in social interactions and between people with dementia and their conversation partner, as initiating and maintaining conversations becomes increasingly challenging. The role of technology in promoting social health and participation for people with dementia is increasing, but the usage on technological devices as a third party in social interactions to enhance communication quality is still in its infancy. The objective of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive description of technology-driven interventions for people with dementia and their conversation partners to enhance communication and facilitate positive social interactions. Methods A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO, where titles and abstracts were screened by two researchers independently. The reference lists of initially identified papers were hand-searched for further relevant studies. Quality appraisal of the included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.Results Twenty-six papers were included., where the most common technologies to facilitate communication and interactions were tablet-computers (n=11), social robots (n=7) and PCs (n=4). By analyzing the impacts of the device(s) on social interaction and communication, five major themes emerged: i) increased interaction; ii) better understanding of the person with dementia; iii) improved conversational quality; iv) reducing pressure on the conversation partner; and v) a conversational platform.Conclusion While the majority of the included studies are small-scale, they indicate promising findings on the potential of technology in helping dyads to interact in a way that relieves strain on the caregiver, enhances the relationship and engages people with dementia in social activities. Rigorous investigation using standard, comparable measurements is needed to demonstrate the effects of technological solutions, taking on the perspective on caregiving dyads as an entity rather than looking at outcomes for one member of the dyad in isolation.

scholarly journals Do structured manipulatives aid understanding of additive reasoning, and addition and subtraction fluency in a sample of Year 7 and 8 students?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Daniel Green
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Later Life ◽  
School Intervention ◽  
Mathematical Achievement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Additive Reasoning ◽  
Addition And Subtraction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Subtraction Facts

<p>Mathematical achievement may impact on outcomes in later life; thus, identifying and improving key mathematical skills is a focus of a large body of educational research. Both additive reasoning, and knowledge of addition and subtraction facts, appear to predict later mathematical achievement. The current study explores the impact of a short intervention with a small group of year 7 and 8 students working at lower than expected academic levels. The current study is based on Cognitive Load Theory and research suggesting that counting strategies overload working memory. A mixed-methods approach was used to identify whether structured manipulatives improved the additive reasoning and, addition and subtraction fluency in a sample of ten participants. Participants attended after-school intervention sessions of 45 minutes for seven weeks. The intervention focused on teaching additive reasoning and fluency using structured manipulatives. Inferential statistical analysis showed a statistically significant mean improvement in participants’ ability to answer simple addition and subtraction questions. Tests constructed to operationalise additive reasoning also showed statistically significant mean improvement. Participants answered diagnostic questions operationalising various aspects of additive reasoning. Individual differences in understanding of additive reasoning were observed, and the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction proved to be a challenging concept. Semi-structured interviews provided themes of valuing the intervention and the manipulatives used. Due to the size and design of this study, it is not possible to extrapolate findings to other learners. However, the study may provide directions for future research. Structured manipulatives may have a role to play in enabling learners to begin to learn additive relationships and further securing recall of addition and subtraction facts. Students at years 7 and 8 may still need considerable exposure to additive concepts; moreover, returning to manipulatives may develop this knowledge. Finally, the findings from the diagnostic questions help show the complexity of additive reasoning. Classroom practitioners may need to further develop their knowledge of additive reasoning, its importance, and the individual differences and misconceptions that learners hold in order to provide considered learning experiences.</p>

The Wasta Model

2022 ◽  
pp. 422-447
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Kassab Sfeir
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
New Model ◽  
Hr Practices ◽  
The Impact

This article explores the concept of Wasta, an interpersonal influence. It is defined by Mohamed and Mohamed as involvement of a third-party person to attain a favour. This research examines the impact that Wasta has on human resources practices in Lebanon. A mixed methods approach, being questionnaires and interviews, was used in order to obtain data. Implications of Wasta in a new model are illustrated showing the effect on employees when recruited through knowing someone. It subsequently shows the influences on other HR practices of training and development, compensation, and career development. This paper is the first of its kind illustrating the impact of Wasta on employee engagement. It is a pillar for future research, giving added value to the minimal studies available on HR practices in Lebanon and the Middle East.

The Hidden Face of Justice: Fairness, Discrimination and Distribution in Transitional Justice Processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Camilo Cárdenas ◽  
Andrés Casas-Casas ◽  
Nathalie Méndez Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article contributes to the literature on the impact of transitional justice measures using behavioral evidence from experiments. We argue that there is a distributional dilemma at the heart of transitional justice programs, given that the State must allocate goods and services both to victims and excombatants. Individual and social preferences over these processes matter, given that they are likely to scale up to undermine or increase public support for transitional justice programs. We offer evidence from the Colombian case, to show what we call the hidden face of justice effect, which occurs when in the transition from war to peace distributional dilemmas arise and generate a social sanction function that creates negative incentives that can affect the achievement of reintegration of ex-combatants and jeopardizes the maintenance of peace. In order to explore the microfoundations that underlie the differences between allocations to victims and ex-combatants, we use data from field experiments and find that ex-combatants expect lower transfers from public officers and citizens and indeed receive lower transfers, if compared to the victims and the control groups included in the study, despite the fact that third-party observers have the power to punish senders when making offers seen by the third-party as unfair.

Sex and sociality in a disconnected world: a review of the impacts of habitat fragmentation on animal social interactionsThis review is one of a series dealing with some aspects of the impact of habitat fragmentation on animals and plants. This series is one of several virtual symposia focussing on ecological topics that will be published in the Journal from time to time.

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1065-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam C. Banks ◽  
Maxine P. Piggott ◽  
Adam J. Stow ◽  
Andrea C. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Population Viability ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
The Impact

Despite the extensive literature describing the impacts of habitat fragmentation on the distribution and abundance of species, fragmentation effects on life-history strategies have been relatively understudied. Social interactions are important life-history attributes that have fitness consequences for individuals and have been observed to differ among populations in relation to geographic and demographic variability. Therefore, habitat fragmentation is expected to affect social interactions, and these social impacts or responses may contribute to population viability and broad-scale patterns of distribution and abundance in fragmented landscapes. Here we review the emerging literature on this issue. We focus on the impacts of habitat fragmentation that are expected to, or have been observed to, affect social strategies. These include altered resource distribution (e.g., habitat quality, spatial configuration of patches), interspecific interactions (e.g., predator–prey and host–parasite dynamics, human disturbance), and sex (mate availability and inbreeding risk). The studies we cite identified altered social interactions in response to these influences, including changes to home-range overlap, territoriality, group size, and mating systems. The observed changes to social interactions include passive responses, whereby social interactions are affected by constraints introduced by habitat fragmentation, and adaptive social responses to a modified environment. We suggest that future research could focus on individual fitness benefits and on consequences for population viability of altered social interactions in fragmented environments.

It’s Not Personal: A Review and Theoretical Integration of Research on Vicarious Workplace Mistreatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 2322-2351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Y. Dhanani ◽  
Matthew L. LaPalme
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Workplace Mistreatment ◽  
The Impact

Recent advancements in the area of workplace mistreatment have begun to challenge our view of who is affected by this phenomenon. Whereas it was initially assumed that mistreatment affected a small subset of employees who were directly targeted by negative treatment, empirical work has documented that employees who observe or become aware of others being mistreated are also adversely affected. However, the extant literature examining vicarious mistreatment has developed in silos centered around individual mistreatment constructs and individual outcome domains, and there is currently little integration among these bodies of work. As such, this paper draws on a systematic review of empirical studies examining vicarious mistreatment to summarize its antecedents and outcomes. The review further enumerates the mechanisms that transmit the effects of vicarious mistreatment to third-party outcomes and the moderating variables that may mitigate or amplify the impact of vicarious mistreatment. The culmination of this review is the development of a dual process model of vicarious mistreatment that integrates prior theoretical perspectives into an overarching framework to guide subsequent research. The authors then conclude by providing a road map for future theoretical and empirical work on vicarious mistreatment. Included within the future research agenda is a constructive critique of current research designs and methodological approaches that may undermine the field’s understanding of how vicarious mistreatment operates.

The Demand for Licensed Merchandise in Sports—On the Purchase Channel Choice

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Nalbantis ◽  
Marcel Fahrner ◽  
Tim Pawlowski
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
Channel Choice ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Licensed Merchandise ◽  
Online Stores ◽  
The Impact

Clubs and third-party operators offer licensed sports products via offline and online stores. Although a few papers have previously focused on sports merchandise, no study has ever analyzed the factors associated with the purchase channel (PC) choice. Based on representative survey data of sports club members, we empirically test the statistical association between consumers’ characteristics and their PC choice. Econometric results suggest that the PC choice is affected by membership characteristics and sociodemographic attributes such as gender, education, income, and place of residence. Comparisons with results from studies conducted in more general settings suggest that the transferability of findings from general to sports-specific settings (and vice versa) is limited. Moreover, the finding, that the impact of these characteristics depends on the type of operator (club vs. retailer) rather than the type of product, highlights the relevance to distinguish between vertically integrated and third-party-operated PCs in both managerial decisions and future research.

Blessing or Burden? The Impact of Peace Services on Peace and Violence in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jeannine Suurmond ◽  
Alexandros Lordos ◽  
Prakash Mani Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Use Of Services ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Party Support ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Recent literature highlights the potential of infrastructures for peace for peacebuilding and violence prevention. An increasing number of studies examine cases of infrastructures for peace, yet little is known about the services individuals actually use when facing conflict. This study investigates local agency in the context of infrastructures for peace in Nepal. Adopting a quantitative approach, we explore the relationship between use of third party support for dealing with conflict (‘peace services’) and individual experiences of peace and violence. Results show that the more respondents reported use of services that actively engage their recipients in dealing with their conflicts, such as mediation, the more peace they experienced in different dimensions of their lives and the lower their propensity for violence was. In contrast, the more respondents reported use of services that require only passive involvement and do not directly focus on the conflict at hand, such as sharing information, the less intrapersonal and intercommunity peace they experienced and the higher their propensity for violence was. Encouraging the use of active peace services could allow more people to enjoy their benefits and ultimately prevent violence and strengthen peace. Future research could further explore the linkages between everyday use of third party support and people's experience of peace and violent behaviour, including direction of effect.

Driving Under the Influence of Phones: The Importance of Cognitive Ability and Cognitive Style on Interruption-Related Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 1393-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Lottridge ◽  
Mark Chignell
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
The Impact

The impact of notifications on driving performance is a critical safety concern (Lee & Strayer, 2004). This study examined how interruptions (including phone calls) impair simulated driving performance, and how individual differences mediate the effect of those interruptions. Consistent with our hypothesis, field dependent participants answered phone calls more quickly and with less consideration of the difficulty of the current driving situation than more field independent participants. Further, a post-hoc analysis showed that, on average, field dependents with small operating spans crashed twice as often as the other drivers. Thus the detrimental effect of a field dependent style on managing interruptions while driving is likely worsened for people with low working memory capacity. It is suggested that future research should investigate the safety implications of individual differences in interruption handling ability. Such research is needed to support ongoing efforts to develop guidelines and legislation concerning the use of distracting information technologies (such as cell phones) in automobiles.

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