The Development of Pro-Environmentalism in Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 418-439
Author(s):  
M. Kyle Matsuba ◽  
Tobias Krettenauer ◽  
Michael W. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Moral Attitudes ◽  
And Behavior

Global warming has become an existential concern for our own and the planet’s future. As developmental psychologists, the authors are interested in pro-environmental behavior at the individual level, believing that the societal changes needed to address this issue require changes at the individual level. In this chapter, the authors frame environmental issues as moral issues to the extent that how people think about, react to, and interact in the environment reflect moral values such as caring. Consequently, the authors explore how people’s moral attitudes, thinking, emotions, and behavior around environmental issues form and change over the course of development. They also investigate how developing experiences with the natural environment can influence its importance to the self and in identity formation. Finally, the authors consider that cultural context matters; that attitudes and behaviors toward the environment and how they develop depend on the culture in which we are raised and that what we currently know about the development of environmentalism in not likely to extend much beyond mainstream cultures in Western, industrialized countries.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

scholarly journals PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL TO ENSURE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Kyfyak ◽  
Olena Herenda
Keyword(s):  
Managerial Behavior ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Company Policy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The main focus of this article is on the correlation between employee involvement in management decisions and the growth of both the organization and employees in all areas. The types of managerial behavior are analyzed, within which the main styles are identified, such as: authoritarian and democratic, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of them, their impact on the workforce and behavior. The article reflects the need to involve employees in order to improve performance and a sense of responsibility, and lists not only the positive side of this implementation, but also possible negative changes. Effective communication and involvement of staff in management decisions create a basis for ensuring the effective functioning of the enterprise. Involvement of employees, in this article, is not seen as a goal or tool, as is practiced in many organizations, but as a philosophy of management and leadership on how best in a healthy environment to realize their abilities, grow, improve and succeed in each unit and organization in general. The article discusses the main forms of participatory management: informal and short-term participation of personnel in management decisions, consultative involvement of employees, attraction of employees to ownership, involvement of employees in control and improvement of processes, involvement of personnel in decisions about company policy, participation in the organization's income, participation in profits of the organization, participation in the management of the organization. A distinctive feature of this method from many systems of remuneration for labor activity is that the latter are built on the recognition of the contribution of an employee of a given organization at the individual level. Participatory governance is based on the recognition of interests all personnel being reciprocal. This leads to the fact that there is an integration of these interests, and workers become more interested in the results of their work. Involving employees in the decision-making process not only reduces outsourcing, which saves money, time and offers the company long-term reliable assistance from employees who have knowledge of all the processes and deep needs of the corporation.

scholarly journals Public support for the right to euthanasia: Impact of traditional religiosity and autonomy values across 37 nations

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksim Rudnev ◽  
Aleksandra Savelkaeva
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Moral Attitudes

This article takes a postmodernization perspective on support for the right to euthanasia by treating it as an expression of a process of value change, as a preference for quality over quantity of life. Using the data from the fifth wave of the World Values Survey, this study attempts to answer the question of whether the mass support for the right to euthanasia is an expression of autonomy values rather than just a function of a low religiosity. Multilevel regressions demonstrate that both traditional religiosity and autonomy values have a high impact at the individual level, while at the country level only the effects of traditional religiosity are significant. Autonomy values have stronger association with attitudes to euthanasia in countries with higher levels of postmaterialism. Multilevel path analysis demonstrates that the effect of religiosity is partially and weakly mediated by the values of autonomy at both levels. Although religiosity was found to have a much stronger impact, the independent effect of autonomy values suggests that mass support for the right to euthanasia is a value-driven preference for quality over quantity of life. We conclude by suggesting that the fall in traditional religiosity might emphasize the role of values in moral attitudes regulation.

Leadership in Vietnamese state owned enterprises (SOEs)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Mai Tran ◽  
Wayne Fallon ◽  
Margaret H. Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Business Leadership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore multiple stakeholders’ perceptions of leadership in Vietnamese state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents findings from semi-structured interviews that were conducted in Vietnam, with seven different stakeholders who had varying understandings of Vietnamese business leadership within the Vietnamese business context. All interviews were transcribed, then translated into English, and thematic analysis of the interview data undertaken. Findings – The paper suggests that there was a significant variation in Vietnamese leadership perceptions when compared to Western leadership practices, especially when considering the perceptions of those stakeholders with regard to business leadership in the Vietnamese collectivist cultural context. The themes presented include: SOE decision making and responsibility; SOE promotions and appointments; and SOE performance. Research limitations/implications – In the absence of studies of leadership in Vietnamese SOEs, and leadership studies in the Vietnamese culture in general, this research was deliberately exploratory and qualitative. Future mixed methods or quantitative studies are recommended to offer more generalizable conclusions. Practical implications – Implications are discussed that point to leadership changes in Vietnamese organizations, and at the individual level, to assist the Vietnamese government, SOEs, and future leaders. Recommendations are also made that are intended to assist foreign business investors and multinational companies operating in Vietnam, now and in the future, to improve their leadership capacity within this context. Social implications – Vietnam is a country in social and economic transition. Understanding the leadership practices and perceptions, especially how that might differ from leadership in Western nations, is critical for the success of organizations in Vietnam and, in turn, for the economic and social prosperity of the Vietnamese people. Originality/value – The paper contributes perceptions of business leadership in Vietnamese SOEs that have not previously been explored and should be, especially given this critical time of economic and social transition for the Vietnamese nation and economy.

scholarly journals Moral concerns through the lens of culture: Responding to intergroup-level authority decisions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Urbanska ◽  
Sam Pehrson ◽  
Miriam Park
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Northern Irish ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Malaysian Students

We consider cultural differences in how moral concerns can shape responses to intergroup- level authority decisions – that is, decisions that allocate outcomes between different groups. We hypothesised that at the individual level, moral foundations may predict how people respond to authority decisions that either favour or disfavour their group, and that this relationship would be different depending on culture. The extent to which those values lead to the expected responses to authority decisions was investigated in two samples of students in Northern Ireland and Malaysia (N = 318). Participants read about two government decisions to distribute prestigious internships between their own and another university (in favouring or disfavouring ratios) and responded to scales measuring their decision acceptance and perceptions of fairness. We found that moral concern for authority - but not loyalty or fairness - predicted how students responded to authority decisions. However, cultural context moderated this effect. For Malaysian students, higher moral concern for authority predicted less preference for the pro-ingroup authority decision, whereas for the Northern Irish sample, the reverse was true. Thus, we demonstrate that the understanding of values is culture-specific and can translate to the opposing behaviours, depending on the context.

scholarly journals Identity and Online Groups

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Siitonen
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Online Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

Questions related to identity have been central to discussions on online communication since the dawn of the Internet. One of the positions advocated by early Internet pioneers and scholars on computer-mediated communication was that online communication would differ from face-to-face communication in the way traditional markers of identity (such as gender, age, etc.) would be visible for interlocutors. It was theorized that these differences would manifest both as reduced social cues as well as greater control in the way we present ourselves to others. This position was linked to ideas about fluid identities and identity play inherent to post-modern thinking. Lately, the technological and societal developments related to online communication have promoted questions related to, for example, authenticity and traceability of identity. In addition to the individual level, scholars have been interested in issues of social identity formation and identification in the context of online groups and communities. It has been shown, for example, how the apparent anonymity in initial interactions can lead to heightened identification/de-individuation on the group level. Another key question related to this one is the way group identity and identification with the group relates to intergroup contact in online settings. How do people perceive others’ identity, as well as their own, in such contact situations? To what extent is intergroup contact still intergroup contact, if the parties involved do not perceive it as such? As online communication continues to offer a key platform for contact between various types of social groups, questions of identity and identification remain at the forefront of scholarship into human communication behavior in technology-mediated settings.

Sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-72
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
System Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regime Support

This chapter develops an explanatory model of regime support applicable to both democracies and autocracies. The explanatory model includes both individual- and system-level determinants and explicates how these interact in shaping regime support. On the individual-level, it integrates culturalist and institutionalist explanations of support to arrive at five central sources of regime support: political value orientations, societal value orientations, incumbent support, democratic performance evaluations, and systemic performance evaluations. On the system level, it draws on social psychological theories of attitude formation and identifies four sources of regime support: macro-cultural context, macro-political context, actual systemic performance, and level of socioeconomic modernization. Recurring to the fundamental differences between democracies and autocracies, the explanatory model expects the individual-level processes forming regime support to be universal across regime types, but effects of system-level sources of regime support to vary between democracies and autocracies, due to indoctrination and propaganda distorting the attitude-formation process in autocracies.

Breaking the frame: frame disputes of war and peace

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Ruffa ◽  
Ralph Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Organizational Frames ◽  
Policy Relevance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Military ◽  
Frame Disputes

Frames guide the way in which organizations and individuals interpret their surrounding contexts and shape avenues for thought, action, and behavior. This paper tests the individual-level effects of experiencing ‘frame disputes’: the state of holding individual-level frames that are at odds with dominant organizational frames. We hypothesize that on the individual level a frame dispute will be associated with negative effects on outcomes important for an organization’s functioning. The hypothesis is tested using a survey of a battalion of Italian soldiers. Our results demonstrate that, on average, soldiers who experienced frame disputes in that they perceived their mission differently from the dominant organizational frame displayed significantly lower levels of perceived cohesion, performance, and legitimacy. Frame disputes are likely to be widespread phenomena among organizations and social movements, and understanding their effects has theoretical, empirical, and policy relevance beyond the military case under study.

scholarly journals Social learning for understanding planning practices at the individual level

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 284-292
Author(s):  
Bahrudin Bahrudin ◽  
Mahyudin Ritonga ◽  
Andino Maseleno ◽  
Miftachul Huda ◽  
Mohd. Hairy Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Legal Sanction ◽  
The People ◽  
Natural Protection ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

Learning is a process of getting the knowledge to achieve better change. So people who learn need a process of guidance and direction to change their attitude and behavior to become independent human. In fact, most of people learn through selective observation and remember the behavior of other people in their environment. As has been done by the people who implement social learning program, the people have traditionally had local wisdom in protecting nature from generation to generation. This regulation has come a long way after the enactment of the government policy on natural protection of forest. As in the case of destroying forest, they will be subject to customary legal sanction in the form of fine which must be paid by someone as a form of apology.

scholarly journals Attitudinal Ambivalence

Psychology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Cavazza ◽  
Vincent Pillaud ◽  
Fabrizio Butera
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Attitudinal Ambivalence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Research on attitudinal ambivalence started in the early 1970s, forty years after the first wave of research on attitudes. Ambivalent attitudes consist of both positive and negative evaluations of the same object. Early approaches proposed different measurement methods, and ambivalence can now be measured either directly (referred to as “felt ambivalence”) or indirectly (referred to as “potential ambivalence”). Because of its duality, ambivalence has been studied in comparison with univalent attitudes—which consist of either positive or negative evaluations of an object—to uncover their specific features, antecedents, and consequences. Relevant research has focused on identifying the prevalence of ambivalent attitudes, and on whether they could stem from particular personality traits or situations. Researchers have found that ambivalent attitudes seem to be widespread and can be held for a long period of time. Their relationship with behaviors has also been widely studied. At the individual level, ambivalence increases response latency when a choice has to be made, extends information processing, can affect attitude stability, and can even lead to discomfort. At the behavioral level, studies have highlighted the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence on the relationship between attitudes and behavior. A different field of research focuses on its strength to question whether ambivalence leads to more resistance or susceptibility to persuasion and influence. It appears that ambivalent attitudes are pliable and, depending on the context, can either help individuals to be more adaptive or prevent them from arriving at a satisfying conclusion. The role of ambivalent attitudes in interpersonal relationships and self-presentation also highlight some benefits in holding an ambivalent attitude. This article opens by reviewing general overviews to provide a detailed picture of the current state of research. It then presents early approaches to attitudinal ambivalence, and reviews studies that highlight the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence on the relationship between attitudes and behavior, as well as studies that question whether ambivalence might lead to more resistance or susceptibility to persuasion and influence. The article then focuses on the impact of ambivalence at the individual level. Antecedents of attitudinal ambivalence will be reviewed, as well as its consequences on the individual. The article concludes by presenting research questioning its functions as well as some applied work.

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