The Oxford Handbook of Small Superconductors

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Wires ◽  
Superconducting Devices ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Surface And Interface ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Mesoscopic Superconductors ◽  
Low Dimensional

This handbook examines cutting-edge developments in research and applications of small or mesoscopic superconductors, offering a glimpse of what might emerge as a giga world of nano superconductors. Contributors, who are eminent frontrunners in the field, share their insights on the current status and great promise of small superconductors in the theoretical, experimental, and technological spheres. They discuss the novel and intriguing features and theoretical underpinnings of the phenomenon of mesoscopic superconductivity, the latest fabrication methods and characterization tools, and the opportunities and challenges associated with technological advances. The book is organized into three parts. Part I deals with developments in basic research of small superconductors, including local-scale spectroscopic studies of vortex organization in such materials, Andreev reflection and related studies in low-dimensional superconducting systems, and research on surface and interface superconductivity. Part II covers the materials aspects of small superconductors, including mesoscopic effects in superconductor–ferromagnet hybrids, micromagnetic measurements on electrochemically grown mesoscopic superconductors, and magnetic flux avalanches in superconducting films with mesoscopic artificial patterns. Part III reviews the current progress in the device technology of small superconductors, focusing on superconducting spintronics and devices, barriers in Josephson junctions, hybrid superconducting devices based on quantum wires, superconducting nanodevices, superconducting quantum bits of information, and the use of nanoSQUIDs in the investigation of small magnetic systems.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Hypothermia and Neuroprotection in Acute Neurological Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (29) ◽  
pp. 5430-5455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota Kurisu ◽  
Jong Youl Kim ◽  
Jesung You ◽  
Midori A. Yenari
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Hypothermia ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
The Many ◽  
Brain Insults

:Therapeutic hypothermia has consistently been shown to be a robust neuroprotectant in many labs studying different models of neurological disease. Although this therapy has shown great promise, there are still challenges at the clinical level that limit the ability to apply this routinely to each pathological condition. In order to overcome issues involved in hypothermia therapy, understanding of this attractive therapy is needed. We review methodological concerns surrounding therapeutic hypothermia, introduce the current status of therapeutic cooling in various acute brain insults, and review the literature surrounding the many underlying molecular mechanisms of hypothermic neuroprotection. Because recent work has shown that body temperature can be safely lowered using pharmacological approaches, this method may be an especially attractive option for many clinical applications. Since hypothermia can affect multiple aspects of brain pathophysiology, therapeutic hypothermia could also be considered a neuroprotection model in basic research, which would be used to identify potential therapeutic targets. We discuss how research in this area carries the potential to improve outcome from various acute neurological disorders.

scholarly journals Chemical and Biological Sensors for Time-Series Research: Current Status and New Directions

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra L. Daly ◽  
Robert H. Byrne ◽  
Andrew G. Dickson ◽  
Scott M. Gallager ◽  
Mary Jane Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Biological Sensors ◽  
Mobile Platforms ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Chemical And Biological Sensors

Ocean observatories will require extensive use of sensors and sensing systems to enable time-series observations and interactive experiments on remote permanent and mobile platforms. In this paper we assess the "readiness" of chemical and biological sensors that will be critical to the success of ocean observatories. We conclude that although there have been many technological advances in the development of sensors in recent years, few chemical or biological sensors are capable of long-term deployment (∼ 1 year). In particular, sensors in coastal regions and near hydrothermal vents will need to be regularly serviced for biofouling for the foreseeable future, while sensors on deep-water observatories that spend limited time in the euphotic zone may be able to operate for longer periods. A number of exciting new technologies hold great promise for sensors in the years to come. Significant effort and resources, however, are urgently needed for sensor development to ensure that the opportunities for science and discovery made accessible by ocean observatories are fully realized.

Recent Neutron and Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Squaric Acid, a Low-Dimensional Hydrogenbonded Material

1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (6A) ◽  
pp. 685-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Samuelsen ◽  
U Buchenau ◽  
M Dieter ◽  
K Ehrhardt ◽  
E Fjær ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Squaric Acid ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Low Dimensional

scholarly journals Induction and Maturation of Hepatocyte-Like Cells In Vitro: Focus on Technological Advances and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Xie ◽  
Jia Yao ◽  
Weilin Jin ◽  
Longfei Ren ◽  
Xun Li
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Drug Approval ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation

Limited by the poor proliferation and restricted sources of adult hepatocytes, there is an urgent need to find substitutes for proliferation and cultivation of mature hepatocytes in vitro for use in disease treatment, drug approval, and toxicity testing. Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), which originate from undifferentiated stem cells or modified adult cells, are considered good candidates because of their advantages in terms of cell source and in vitro expansion ability. However, the majority of induced HLCs are in an immature state, and their degree of differentiation is heterogeneous, diminishing their usability in basic research and limiting their clinical application. Therefore, various methods have been developed to promote the maturation of HLCs, including chemical approaches, alteration of cell culture systems, and genetic manipulation, to meet the needs of in vivo transplantation and in vitro model establishment. This review proposes different cell types for the induction of HLCs, and provide a comprehensive overview of various techniques to promote the generation and maturation of HLCs in vitro.

scholarly journals SENYAWA PENCEMAR ORGANIK YANG PERSISTEN (POPs): PENGERTIAN, JENIS, KARAKTERISTIK, DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA DI INDONESIA

OSEANA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ita Wulandari ◽  
Dede Falahudin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Persistent Organic Pollutants ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Indonesian Seas ◽  
National Implementation ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Implementation Plans

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been identified as representing a serious threat to the marine environment and received formal attention by nations worldwide including Indonesia as one of the signatories and ratified countries for the Stockholm Convention.  Due to their emerging issues, the study of POPs at all aspects is needed. Therefore, this paper attempts to review characteristics and toxicological properties of POPs, the current status of POPs National Implementation Plans (NIPs) in Indonesia, and propose future directions of POPs study in Indonesia from basic research such as monitoring of POPs distribution in Indonesian seas to applied research for example study of POPs alternative compounds.

scholarly journals Enhanced Luminescence and Mechanistic Studies on Mn-doped Double Layered Perovskite Phosphors: Cs4Mn1−xCdxBi2Cl12

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Vargas ◽  
Diana T. Reyes-Castillo ◽  
Eduardo Coutino-Gonzalez ◽  
Citlali Sánchez-Aké ◽  
Carlos Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Coupling ◽  
Layered Perovskite ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
New Family ◽  
Halide Perovskites ◽  
Optoelectronic Applications ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Mn Doped

Halide perovskites offer great promise for optoelectronic applications, but stability issues continue to hinder its implementation and long-term stability. The stability of all-inorganic halide perovskites and the inherent quantum confinement of low dimensional perovskites can be harnessed to synthesize materials with high PL efficiency. An example of such materials is the recently reported new family of layered double perovskites, Cs4Mn1−xCdxBi2Cl12. Herein, we report a new synthetic procedure that enhances the maximum PLQY of this family materials to up 79.5%, a 20% enhancement from previous reports and the highest reported for a Mn-doped halide perovskite. Importantly, stability tests demonstrate that these materials are very stable towards humidity, UV irradiation, and temperature. Finally, we investigated the photophysics, the effects of magnetic coupling and temperature in the PL efficiency and proposed a mechanism for the emission process. Our results highlight the potential of this family of materials and related layered all-inorganic perovskites for solid-state lighting and optoelectronic applications<p></p>

scholarly journals Technologies for Detection of Babesia microti: Advances and Challenges

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1563
Author(s):  
Scott Meredith ◽  
Miranda Oakley ◽  
Sanjai Kumar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
The United States ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Babesia Species ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Human Babesiosis

The biology of intraerythrocytic Babesia parasites presents unique challenges for the diagnosis of human babesiosis. Antibody-based assays are highly sensitive but fail to detect early stage Babesia infections prior to seroconversion (window period) and cannot distinguish between an active infection and a previously resolved infection. On the other hand, nucleic acid-based tests (NAT) may lack the sensitivity to detect window cases when parasite burden is below detection limits and asymptomatic low-grade infections. Recent technological advances have improved the sensitivity, specificity and high throughput of NAT and the antibody-based detection of Babesia. Some of these advances include genomics approaches for the identification of novel high-copy-number targets for NAT and immunodominant antigens for superior antigen and antibody-based assays for Babesia. Future advances would also rely on next generation sequencing and CRISPR technology to improve Babesia detection. This review article will discuss the historical perspective and current status of technologies for the detection of Babesia microti, the most common Babesia species causing human babesiosis in the United States, and their implications for early diagnosis of acute babesiosis, blood safety and surveillance studies to monitor areas of expansion and emergence and spread of Babesia species and their genetic variants in the United States and globally.

Nanomedicine Applications in Treatment of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: Current State of the Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1459-1485
Author(s):  
Mengyao Wang ◽  
Ying Qu ◽  
Danrong Hu ◽  
Ting Niu ◽  
Zhiyong Qian
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Antitumor Effects

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare but highly aggressive subtype of extra nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which is confined in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite recent advancements in treatment options, the overall prognosis of PCNSL remains poor. Among many unfavorable factors affecting efficacy, inadequate drug delivery into the CNS is still the thorniest challenge. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes a significant impediment, restricting entry of most therapeutics to the brain. Nanotechnology has offered great promise for brain diseases, as various nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have been developed for delivery of theranostic agents in to the CNS. These drug delivery systems possess significant advantages, including good feasibility, reliable safety profile, excellent BBB penetration and potent antitumor effects. As for treatment of PCNSL, numerous well-developed BBB-crossing nano-based strategies can be applied with proper modifications and improvements. Some exquisitely designed NDDSs specific for PCNSL have shown great potential. In this review, we provide a summary on current status of diagnosis and treatment of PCNSL, followed by an overview of BBB-crossing strategies applied in management of PCNSL, both novel and wellestablished. Finally, challenges and future perspectives in this field are also discussed.

scholarly journals Discovering a sparse set of pairwise discriminating features in high-dimensional data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Melton ◽  
Sharad Ramanathan
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dimensional Subspace ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Sparse Set

Abstract Motivation Recent technological advances produce a wealth of high-dimensional descriptions of biological processes, yet extracting meaningful insight and mechanistic understanding from these data remains challenging. For example, in developmental biology, the dynamics of differentiation can now be mapped quantitatively using single-cell RNA sequencing, yet it is difficult to infer molecular regulators of developmental transitions. Here, we show that discovering informative features in the data is crucial for statistical analysis as well as making experimental predictions. Results We identify features based on their ability to discriminate between clusters of the data points. We define a class of problems in which linear separability of clusters is hidden in a low-dimensional space. We propose an unsupervised method to identify the subset of features that define a low-dimensional subspace in which clustering can be conducted. This is achieved by averaging over discriminators trained on an ensemble of proposed cluster configurations. We then apply our method to single-cell RNA-seq data from mouse gastrulation, and identify 27 key transcription factors (out of 409 total), 18 of which are known to define cell states through their expression levels. In this inferred subspace, we find clear signatures of known cell types that eluded classification prior to discovery of the correct low-dimensional subspace. Availability and implementation https://github.com/smelton/SMD. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

scholarly journals Engineering of superconductors and superconducting devices using artificial pinning sites

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Wördenweber
Keyword(s):  
Superconducting Devices ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Vortex State ◽  
Superconducting Films ◽  
Vortex Matter ◽  
Superconducting Device ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Basic Physics ◽  
Power Handling Capability ◽  
Device Properties

Abstract Vortex matter in superconducting films and devices is not only an interesting topic for basic research but plays a substantial role in the applications of superconductivity in general. We demonstrate, that in most electronic applications, magnetic flux penetrates the superconductor and affects the performance of superconducting devices. Therefore, vortex manipulation turns out to be a useful tool to avoid degradation of superconducting device properties. Moreover, it can also be used to analyze and understand novel and interesting physical properties and develop new concepts for superconductor applications. In this review, various concepts for vortex manipulation are sketched. For example, the use of micro- and nanopatterns (especially, antidots) for guiding and trapping of vortices in superconducting films and thin film devices is discussed and experimental evidence of their vortex guidance and vortex trapping by various arrangements of antidots is given. We demonstrate, that the vortex state of matter is very important in applications of superconductivity. A better understanding does not only lead to an improvement of the performance of superconductor components, such as reduced noise, better power handling capability, or improved reliability, it also promises deeper insight into the basic physics of vortices and vortex matter.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document