neural responses to infant vocalizations in adult listeners

2018 ◽  
pp. 250-276
Author(s):  
Katherine S. Young ◽  
Christine E. Parsons ◽  
Alan Stein ◽  
Peter Vuust ◽  
Michelle G. Craske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Parental Experience ◽  
Infant Vocalizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Infant Cries ◽  
Future Work

Infant vocalizations are uniquely salient sounds in our auditory environment. They attract attention and compel the listener to respond quickly and carefully. These sounds prompt a range of effortful and complex behaviours in parents, with the goal of providing life-sustaining care for their infant. The neurobiological underpinnings of this motivational state are of much interest to auditory and parenting researchers alike. Neuroimaging has afforded the opportunity to examine the biological substrates of these complex states. Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have identified a network of cortical and subcortical regions that are reactive to infant cries. This ‘parental brain’ is a combination of regions of the ‘social brain’ (temporal and frontal lobe areas) and subcortical ‘survival’ regions. Temporally sensitive neuroimaging techniques (magnetoencephalography, MEG and local field potentials, LFPs) are beginning to illuminate the dynamic nature of activity among these regions, with findings demonstrating early (50–200 ms) identification of infant cries in the periaqueductal grey and orbitofrontal cortex that may support rapid orientating responses. Emerging work investigating parental experience-dependent brain plasticity suggests associations between various aspects of parenting behaviour and adaptations in fronto-amygdala circuitry. Future work combining levels of analyses in longitudinal designs may lead to a better understanding of caregiving behaviour in health and disease.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Chiral Analysis of Proteins and Peptides

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Marine Morvan ◽  
Ivan Mikšík
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Chiral Separations ◽  
Biological Compounds ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Electrophoretic Techniques ◽  
A Site ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

Like many biological compounds, proteins are found primarily in their homochiral form. However, homochirality is not guaranteed throughout life. Determining their chiral proteinogenic sequence is a complex analytical challenge. This is because certain D-amino acids contained in proteins play a role in human health and disease. This is the case, for example, with D-Asp in elastin, β-amyloid and α-crystallin which, respectively, have an action on arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and cataracts. Sequence-dependent and sequence-independent are the two strategies for detecting the presence and position of D-amino acids in proteins. These methods rely on enzymatic digestion by a site-specific enzyme and acid hydrolysis in a deuterium or tritium environment to limit the natural racemization of amino acids. In this review, chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, such as LC, SFC, GC and CE, will be recently developed (2018–2020) for the enantioseparation of amino acids and peptides. For future work, the discovery and development of new chiral stationary phases and derivatization reagents could increase the resolution of chiral separations.

scholarly journals Performance, Stress, and Attitudinal Outcomes of Perceptions of Others’ Entitlement Behavior: Supervisor–Subordinate Work Relationship Quality as Moderator in Two Samples

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaylee J. Hackney ◽  
Liam P. Maher ◽  
Shanna R. Daniels ◽  
Wayne A. Hochwarter ◽  
Gerald R. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Work Relationships ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Job Tension ◽  
The Social ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Work Relationship ◽  
Future Work

Supervisor–subordinate work relationships are based on a series of potentially fluctuating resource allocation episodes. Building on this reality, we hypothesized in the present research that supervisor–subordinate work relationship quality will neutralize the negative attitudinal and behavioral strain effects associated with perceptions of others’ entitlement behavior. We draw upon the transactional theory of stress, and the social exchange and support features of leader–member exchange theory, to explain our expected neutralizing effects on job tension, job satisfaction, and contextual performance/citizenship behavior. Results supported study hypotheses in Sample 1. Findings were replicated in Sample 2 and extended by also demonstrating the interaction effect on task performance. Contributions to theory and research, strengths and limitations, directions for future work, and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Social Semantics: The role of conceptual knowledge and cognitive control in a neurobiological model of the social brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J Binney ◽  
Richard Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Social Semantics

Research in social neuroscience has primarily focused on carving up cognition into distinct pieces, as a function of mental process, neural network or social behaviour, while the need for unifying models that span multiple social phenomena has been relatively neglected. Here we present a novel framework that treats social cognition as a case of semantic cognition, which provides a neurobiologically constrained and generalizable framework, with clear, testable predictions regarding sociocognitive processing in the context of both health and disease. According to this framework, social cognition relies on two principal systems of representation and control. These systems are neuroanatomically and functionally distinct, but interact to (1) enable development of foundational, conceptual-level knowledge and (2) regulate access to this information in order to generate flexible and context-appropriate social behaviour. The Social Semantics framework shines new light on the mechanisms of social information processing by maintaining as much explanatory power as prior models of social cognition, whilst remaining simpler, by virtue of relying on fewer components that are “tuned” towards social interactions.

scholarly journals Genetics and Public Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 529-546
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Environmental Models ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Disease

This chapter wraps up by discussing the crucial role played by public health specialists who must reconcile traditional public health concerns of health inequality and equity with safe and effective health interventions and diagnostics that meet individual health needs. Since most genetic diseases in the realm of public health are an interplay of different genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, genomic science has given greater emphasis to the importance of molecular and cellular mechanisms in health and disease. New biological knowledge must be integrated with the social and environmental models to improve health at individual and population levels. Public health specialists must now be able to integrate genome-based knowledge into public health in a responsible, ethical, and effective way and anticipate the increase in the health service requirements likely to occur in the future. The foundational pillars of bioethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice) must be protected by all public health stakeholders.

scholarly journals Neural precursors of future liking and affective reciprocity

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (17) ◽  
pp. 4375-4380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Zerubavel ◽  
Mark Anthony Hoffman ◽  
Adam Reich ◽  
Kevin N. Ochsner ◽  
Peter Bearman
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Neural Data ◽  
Social Network Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
Predictive Strength ◽  
Group Member

Why do certain group members end up liking each other more than others? How does affective reciprocity arise in human groups? The prediction of interpersonal sentiment has been a long-standing pursuit in the social sciences. We combined fMRI and longitudinal social network data to test whether newly acquainted group members’ reward-related neural responses to images of one another’s faces predict their future interpersonal sentiment, even many months later. Specifically, we analyze associations between relationship-specific valuation activity and relationship-specific future liking. We found that one’s own future (T2) liking of a particular group member is predicted jointly by actor’s initial (T1) neural valuation of partner and by that partner’s initial (T1) neural valuation of actor. These actor and partner effects exhibited equivalent predictive strength and were robust when statistically controlling for each other, both individuals’ initial liking, and other potential drivers of liking. Behavioral findings indicated that liking was initially unreciprocated at T1 yet became strongly reciprocated by T2. The emergence of affective reciprocity was partly explained by the reciprocal pathways linking dyad members’ T1 neural data both to their own and to each other’s T2 liking outcomes. These findings elucidate interpersonal brain mechanisms that define how we ultimately end up liking particular interaction partners, how group members’ initially idiosyncratic sentiments become reciprocated, and more broadly, how dyads evolve. This study advances a flexible framework for researching the neural foundations of interpersonal sentiments and social relations that—conceptually, methodologically, and statistically—emphasizes group members’ neural interdependence.

The Role of Social Media in Adolescent Loneliness and Mental Health Problems: Current Evidence and Suggestions for Future Work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warner Myntti ◽  
Jensen Spicer ◽  
Carol Janney ◽  
Stacey Armstrong ◽  
Sarah Domoff
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Adolescents are spending more time interacting with peers online than in person, evidencing the need to examine this shift’s implications for adolescent loneliness and mental health. The current review examines research documenting an association between social media use and mental health, and highlights several specific areas that should be further explored as mechanisms within this relationship. Overall, it appears that frequency of social media use, the kind of social media use, the social environment, the platform used, and the potential for adverse events are especially important in understanding the relationship between social media use and adolescent mental health.

7 Behavioral Indicators of Post-weaning Stress Susceptibility in Cross-fostered Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Dominique M Sommer ◽  
Jennifer M Young ◽  
Christopher J Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
The Social ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Social Confrontation ◽  
Cross Fostering

Abstract Cross-fostering is a common swine husbandry practice; however, little research has focused on the effects of foster stress on piglets post-weaning. This study evaluated the effect of cross-fostering on behavioral indicators of post-weaning stress susceptibility. Litters (n = 40) were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: control (CON) and foster. Three piglets (FOS) from each CON litter were randomly selected and moved to a foster litter 12–24 h post-farrowing, where they were nursed along resident (RES) piglets until weaning (approximately 18 d of age). At 21- and 28-d post-weaning, a male and female piglet from each treatment (FOS, RES, CON) underwent 1 of 2 behavior tests: social isolation and social confrontation. Both tests were conducted in an isolated 1.22 × 1.22 m novel pen. For social isolation, escape attempts, movement between floor quadrants (i.e. locomotion), defecation, and urination events were counted. For social confrontation, the latency to first aggressive interaction and the number of aggressive interactions were quantified. All data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. The CON piglets moved between quadrants more frequently than RES piglets (P = 0.02), while FOS piglets moved between quadrants intermediate to (but not different from) CON and RES piglets (P = 0.44 and 0.12, respectively). Females moved between quadrants more frequently than males (P < 0.0001). The latency to first aggressive interaction was shorter in FOS piglets compared to CON piglets (P = 0.048). There was a treatment by sex interaction (P < 0.01) for number of aggressive interactions, with CON and RES females having more aggressive interactions than their male counterparts (P = 0.04 for both) while FOS females had fewer aggressive interactions than FOS males (P = 0.007). No additional differences were detected (all P > 0.05). Overall, these results provide little evidence that FOS piglets exhibit an increase in behavioral stress susceptibility post-weaning. However, future work should expand upon and clarify the social confrontation findings.

The Role of Social Networking in the Social Reform of Young Society

2019 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Emad Abu-Shanab ◽  
Mushera Frehat
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Virtual Communication ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
The Social ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Future Work

Social networks are virtual communication sites that allow its participants to connect, building relationships, and collaborate on social issues. It became part of our lives and spread rapidly among youth. Young people join these sites to keep strong relationships with friends and to make new ones. Therefore, it is important to investigate the factors that influence the intention to use social networking sites (SNSs) to gain better position in the social reform among young people. This study developed an integrated theoretical model which has five major factors that predict the intention to use SNSs. An empirical test was conducted, where a sample of 302 university students and an instrument containing 27 items was used. The results provide consistent evidence that all hypothesized positive associations exist except for the isolation variable. After taking into account different demographic and attitudinal variables, Facebook use still predicted respondents' social reform. The future work might focus on a specific context such as the effects of using social networks on education, and focus on students' environment in education and the influence of social network. Detailed results, conclusions and future work are stated in later sections.

Genetics and Public Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 630-646
Author(s):  
Oscar J. Wambuguh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Environmental Models ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Disease

This chapter wraps up by discussing the crucial role played by public health specialists who must reconcile traditional public health concerns of health inequality and equity with safe and effective health interventions and diagnostics that meet individual health needs. Since most genetic diseases in the realm of public health are an interplay of different genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, genomic science has given greater emphasis to the importance of molecular and cellular mechanisms in health and disease. New biological knowledge must be integrated with the social and environmental models to improve health at individual and population levels. Public health specialists must now be able to integrate genome-based knowledge into public health in a responsible, ethical, and effective way and anticipate the increase in the health service requirements likely to occur in the future. The foundational pillars of bioethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice) must be protected by all public health stakeholders.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document