Emotion expression, empathic reception, and prosocial behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusta Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Facial Emotion ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Expressive Communication ◽  
Trait Empathy ◽  
Context Features

This chapter addresses facial expression and its potential for communication, a much-debated issue especially in regard to emotion expression. This expressive potential is thought to co-evolve with facial expression perception and to be critical in social life. Factors affecting the perception of human facial emotion have been explored over the last few decades and they encompass sender and context features, as well as the decoder’s traits. One of the most neglected traits is that of the decoder’s empathy. The co-evolution of emotion signaling, emotion perception, and emotion expression regulation are, according to recent evidence, most certainly linked to empathy, particularly to the extremes of trait empathy—at one end, very poor decoders, and at the other end, higher than average emotion decoders. Studies on nonhuman primate expressive communication, empathy, and prosociality, and clues from the fossil record, may provide insights on the links between emotion expression, empathy and prosociality in human evolution.

scholarly journals Demographic effects on facial emotion expression: an interdisciplinary investigation of the facial action units of happiness

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingruo Fan ◽  
Jacqueline C. K. Lam ◽  
Victor O. K. Li
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
Facial Emotion ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Facial Action ◽  
Deep Learning Algorithm ◽  
Action Units ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

AbstractUnderstanding demographic difference in facial expression of happiness has crucial implications on social communication. However, prior research on facial emotion expression has mostly focused on the effect of a single demographic factor (typically gender, race, or age), and is limited by the small image dataset collected in laboratory settings. First, we used 30,000 (4800 after pre-processing) real-world facial images from Flickr, to analyze the facial expression of happiness as indicated by the intensity level of two distinctive facial action units, the Cheek Raiser (AU6) and the Lip Corner Puller (AU12), obtained automatically via a deep learning algorithm that we developed, after training on 75,000 images. Second, we conducted a statistical analysis on the intensity level of happiness, with both the main effect and the interaction effect of three core demographic factors on AU12 and AU6. Our results show that females generally display a higher AU12 intensity than males. African Americans tend to exhibit a higher AU6 and AU12 intensity, when compared with Caucasians and Asians. The older age groups, especially the 40–69-year-old, generally display a stronger AU12 intensity than the 0–3-year-old group. Our interdisciplinary study provides a better generalization and a deeper understanding on how different gender, race and age groups express the emotion of happiness differently.

scholarly journals Behaviour Based Data Dispatcher

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 12940-12944
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Facial Emotion

Human life is a complex social structure. It is not possible for the humans to navigate without reading the other persons. They do it by identifying the faces. The state of response can be decided based on the mood of the opposite person. Whereas a person’s mood can be figured out by observing his emotion (Facial Gesture). The aim of the project is to construct a “Facial emotion Recognition” model using DCNN (Deep convolutional neural network) in real time. The model is constructed using DCNN as it is proven that DCNN work with greater accuracy than CNN (convolutional neural network). The facial expression of humans is very dynamic in nature it changes in split seconds whether it may be Happy, Sad, Angry, Fear, Surprise, Disgust and Neutral etc. This project is to predict the emotion of the person in real time. Our brains have neural networks which are responsible for all kinds of thinking (decision making, understanding). This model tries to develop these decisions making and classification skills by training the machine. It can classify and predict the multiple faces and different emotions at the very same time. In order to obtain higher accuracy, we take the models which are trained over thousands of datasets.

Darwin's two competing phylogenetic trees: marsupials as ancestors or sister taxa?

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Archibald
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Charles Lyell ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Richard Owen ◽  
First Time

Studies of the origin and diversification of major groups of plants and animals are contentious topics in current evolutionary biology. This includes the study of the timing and relationships of the two major clades of extant mammals – marsupials and placentals. Molecular studies concerned with marsupial and placental origin and diversification can be at odds with the fossil record. Such studies are, however, not a recent phenomenon. Over 150 years ago Charles Darwin weighed two alternative views on the origin of marsupials and placentals. Less than a year after the publication of On the origin of species, Darwin outlined these in a letter to Charles Lyell dated 23 September 1860. The letter concluded with two competing phylogenetic diagrams. One showed marsupials as ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals, whereas the other showed a non-marsupial, non-placental as being ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals. These two diagrams are published here for the first time. These are the only such competing phylogenetic diagrams that Darwin is known to have produced. In addition to examining the question of mammalian origins in this letter and in other manuscript notes discussed here, Darwin confronted the broader issue as to whether major groups of animals had a single origin (monophyly) or were the result of “continuous creation” as advocated for some groups by Richard Owen. Charles Lyell had held similar views to those of Owen, but it is clear from correspondence with Darwin that he was beginning to accept the idea of monophyly of major groups.

Did Ground Cover Change Over Geologic Time?

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. LePage ◽  
Hermann W. Pfefferkorn
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Plant Fossil

When one hears the term “ground cover,” one immediately thinks of “grasses.” This perception is so deep-seated that paleobotanists even have been overheard to proclaim that “there was no ground cover before grasses.” Today grasses are so predominant in many environments that this perception is perpetuated easily. On the other hand, it is difficult to imagine the absence or lack of ground cover prior to the mid-Tertiary. We tested the hypothesis that different forms of ground cover existed in the past against examples from the Recent and the fossil record (Table 1). The Recent data were obtained from a large number of sources including those in the ecological, horticultural, and microbiological literature. Other data were derived from our knowledge of Precambrian life, sedimentology and paleosols, and the plant fossil record, especially in situ floras and fossil “monocultures.” Some of the data are original observations, but many others are from the literature. A detailed account of these results will be presented elsewhere (Pfefferkorn and LePage, in preparation).

scholarly journals Taking sociality seriously: the structure of multi-dimensional social networks as a source of information for individuals

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1599) ◽  
pp. 2108-2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Barrett ◽  
S. Peter Henzi ◽  
David Lusseau
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feedback Process ◽  
Cognitive Evolution ◽  
Systems Approaches ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Source Of Information

Understanding human cognitive evolution, and that of the other primates, means taking sociality very seriously. For humans, this requires the recognition of the sociocultural and historical means by which human minds and selves are constructed, and how this gives rise to the reflexivity and ability to respond to novelty that characterize our species. For other, non-linguistic, primates we can answer some interesting questions by viewing social life as a feedback process, drawing on cybernetics and systems approaches and using social network neo-theory to test these ideas. Specifically, we show how social networks can be formalized as multi-dimensional objects, and use entropy measures to assess how networks respond to perturbation. We use simulations and natural ‘knock-outs’ in a free-ranging baboon troop to demonstrate that changes in interactions after social perturbations lead to a more certain social network, in which the outcomes of interactions are easier for members to predict. This new formalization of social networks provides a framework within which to predict network dynamics and evolution, helps us highlight how human and non-human social networks differ and has implications for theories of cognitive evolution.

Investigation on Polymer Adsorption and Retention in a Polymer Flooded Reservoir

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 1200-1203
Author(s):  
Shu Qiang Liu ◽  
Ji Cheng Zhang ◽  
Jin Cheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Solution ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Polymer Adsorption ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Injection Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
Polymer Retention

During polymer flooding, certain amount of polymer would be lost. Polymer retention causes sweep volume expanding on one side, it also causes polymer loss on the other. Therefore, it is a very important topic to study the influencing factors of polymer retention. There are many factors affecting polymer retention process. This paper mainly studied the influence from dynamic factors such as polymer solution concentration, injection rate, injection time, injected pv number. This paper investigated the influence of these factors on polymer retention process, and optimized these factors to minimize polymer loss in reservoir.

Factors affecting changes in the intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
Rita Dhamankar ◽  
◽  
Suhas S Haldipurkar ◽  
Tanvi Haldipurkar ◽  
Vijay Shetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
The Mean

AIM: To assess the changes in anterior chamber parameters and examine the factors associated with changes in the intraocular pressure (IOP) in individuals who have undergone phacoemulsification surgery. METHODS: It is a longitudinal analysis of secondary clinical data collected from 105 non-glaucomatous eyes (82 patients) undergoing a cataract surgery. We studied the association between anterior chamber parameters, grade of cataract, demographics, and changes in the IOP over a period of three weeks. We also evaluated the association between the pressure-depth (PD) ratio and changes in the IOP during this time. RESULTS: The mean age (SD) of the 82 patients was 60.1±7.8y. The mean±standard deviation (SD) IOP was 15.06±3.36 mm Hg pre-operatively; it increased to 15.75±4.21 mm Hg on day one (P=0.20). In the multifactorial models, the mean IOP was -1.715 (95%CI: -2.795, -0.636) mm Hg on day 21±5 compared with the pre-operative values. The anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length, age, sex, and grade of cataract were not significantly associated with changes in the IOP. Each unit increase in the PD ratio was associated with an increase in the mean IOP by 1.289 mm Hg (95%CI: 0.906, 1.671). After adjusting for pre-operative PD ratio, none of the other variables (ACD, axial length, temporal angle) were significantly associated with changes in mean IOP. CONCLUSION: The PD ratio was the single most important factor associated with the changes in post-operative IOP over three weeks post-surgery.

Feasting Ritually: An Ethnography on the Implications of Feasts in Religious Rituals

2021 ◽  
pp. 0972558X2110571
Author(s):  
Anil Gopi
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
The People ◽  
Religious Festivals ◽  
The World ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
And Gender

Food and feast are integral and key components of human cultures across the world. Feasts associated with religious rituals have special social and cultural significance when compared to those in any other festivities or celebrations in people’s life. In this study, an approach is made to comparatively analyze the feasts at religious festivals of two distinctive groups of people, one with a characteristic of simple society and the other of a complex society. The annual feast happening at the hamlets of the Anchunadu Vellalar community in the last days of the calendar year is an occasion that portrays the egalitarian nature of the people. While this feast is restricted within a single community of particular caste affiliation and geographical limitations, the feast associated with the kaliyattam ritual of village goddess in North Malabar is much wider in scope and participation. The enormous feast brings the people in a larger area and exhibits a solidarity that cuts across boundaries of religion, caste and community. Beyond the factors of social solidarity and togetherness, these events also illustrate its divisive characters mainly in terms of social hierarchy and gender. A comparative study of both the two feasts of two different contexts reveals the characteristic features of religious feasts and the value of food and feast in social life and solidarity and also how it acts as a survival of their past and as a tradition.

Foot scales in the Early Cretaceous bird Gansus from China provide evidences on the evolution of avian scales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhao ◽  
Zhiheng Li ◽  
He Zhang ◽  
Yanhong Pan
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Signaling Modules

Abstract Most modern birds have scales covering the foot, while our knowledge of early avian scales is limited, mainly due to the scarcity of fossil record. Here we characterize the morphological details of two types of scales preserved in IVPP V15077, a referred specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird Gansus. The scutellate and interstitial scales, which, in combination with previous discovery of scutate and reticulate scales in other Early Cretaceous birds, indicates that all four types present in modern birds have appeared in the Early Cretaceous. A phylogenetic context of fossilized scales suggests that the evolution of reticulate scales is conservative while that of the other types is more variable. It is consistent with the molecular hypothesis of the scales in modern birds and reptiles that most integumentary structures in amniotes are homologous with modified signaling modules to form various integumentary phenotypes, among which the reticulate scales may use the conserved signaling pathway.

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