Bilingualism and Child Phonology

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conxita Lleó
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Bilingual Child ◽  
The Past ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Points Of View

The present article poses some fundamental questions related to bilingualism and to the acquisition of two phonological components, by very young children. It discusses different types of bilingualism and their outcomes. After a brief consideration of alleged pros and cons of bilingualism brought up in the past decades, two perspectives of bilingualism are sketched—psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic—and certain aspects of bilingual child phonology are presented from each of these points of view. The essential issue is whether different outcomes of bilingual child phonology are predictable, and to find the crucial criteria to support the predictions. Finally, the discussion addresses some basic questions about bilingual acquisition, and ends with a summary of various types of cross-linguistic interaction.

scholarly journals A Reflection on Controversial Literature on Screen Time and Educational Apps Use in 0–5 Years Old Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4641
Author(s):  
Luca Cerniglia ◽  
Silvia Cimino
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Behavioral Functioning ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Functioning ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines

Over the last five years, there has been a significant increase in screen time and apps usage by children under five years old. The considerable growth in usage by very young children has not corresponded to conclusive and consistent research investigating its possible benefits and risks. This article proposes a brief overview of recent results in this field, specifically focusing on the use of educational apps and their positive, null, and/or negative outcomes on young children’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning. The aim of the present article is to stimulate the development and advancement of evidence-based guidelines that caregivers and educators could adopt to regulate very young children’s engagement with digital technologies.

scholarly journals Inflammation and Inflammasomes: Pros and Cons in Tumorigenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Liliana R. Balahura ◽  
Aida Selaru ◽  
Sorina Dinescu ◽  
Marieta Costache
Keyword(s):  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Promote Cell Death ◽  
Made In

Over the past decade, it has been well established that tumorigenesis is affected by chronic inflammation. During this event, proinflammatory cytokines are produced by numerous types of cells, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and tumor cells, and are able to promote the initiation, progression, and metastasis of different types of cancer. When persistent inflammation occurs, activation of inflammasome complexes is initiated, leading to its assembly and further activation of caspase, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and pyroptosis induction. The function of this multiprotein complex is not only to reassure inflammation and to promote cell death, through caspase activity, but also has been identified to have significant contributions during tumorigenesis and cancer development. So far, many efforts have been made in order to extend the knowledge of inflammasome implications and how its components could be targeted as therapeutic agents. Additionally, microRNAs (miRNAs), evolutionary conserved noncoding molecules, have emerged as pivotal players during numerous biological events by regulating gene and protein expression. Therefore, dysregulations of miRNA expressions have been correlated with inflammation during tumor development. In this review, we aim to highlight the dual role of inflammasomes and proinflammatory cytokines during carcinogenesis paired with the distinguished effects of miRNAs upon inflammation cascades during tumor growth and progression.

scholarly journals WINCKELMANN’S APOLLO AND THE PHYSIOGNOMY OF RACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (59) ◽  
pp. 6-35
Author(s):  
Lasse Hodne
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
White Male ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Male Body ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types

The taste for classical art that induced museums in the West to acquire masterpieces from ancient Greece and Rome for their collections was stimulated largely by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. In the past decade, a number of articles have claimed that Winckelmann’s glorification of marble statues representing the white, male body promotes notions of white supremacy. The present article challenges this view by examining theories prevalent in the eighteenth century (especially climate theory) that affected Winckelmann’s views on race. Through an examination of different types of classicism, the article also seeks to demonstrate that Winckelmann’s aesthetics were opposed to the eclectic use of ancient models typical of the fascist regimes of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals The Development of Temporal Concepts: Learning to Locate Events in Time

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 297-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa McCormack ◽  
Christoph Hoerl
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
New Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Temporal Concepts ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
The Future

A new model of the development of temporal concepts is described that assumes that there are substantial changes in how children think about time in the early years. It is argued that there is a shift from understanding time in an event-dependent way to an event-independent understanding of time. Early in development, very young children are unable to think about locations in time independently of the events that occur at those locations. It is only with development that children begin to have a proper grasp of the distinction between past, present, and future, and represent time as linear and unidirectional. The model assumes that although children aged two to three years may categorize events differently depending on whether they lie in the past or the future, they may not be able to understand that whether an event is in the future or in the past is something that changes as time passes and varies with temporal perspective. Around four to five years, children understand how causality operates in time, and can grasp the systematic relations that obtain between different locations in time, which provides the basis for acquiring the conventional clock and calendar system.

scholarly journals Vestibular Rehabilitation for Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 334-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Rine
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Vestibular Rehabilitation ◽  
Vestibular Dysfunction ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Very Young Children

AbstractThis article focuses on vestibular rehabilitation (VR) for children. Reports of the presence of vestibular dysfunction in infants, young children, and adolescents have increased over the past decade. In addition to being a comorbidity of sensorineural hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction has been noted in children with cytomegalovirus, late prematurity, and concussion, to name a few. Despite ample evidence and reports of VR for adults, the selection and provision of exercises to be included in the VR protocol for children vary, depending on the nature of the lesion, impairments identified, age at the time of lesion, and developmental factors such as critical periods of development and intermodality interdependence. Unlike adults, children with loss of function or hypofunction of the vestibular apparatus since or shortly after birth present with a developmental delay that is progressive. Very young children may not be able to describe symptoms but rather only avoid activities or cry. This report provides a review of vestibular-related impairments in children, determinants of the symptoms and functional impairments of vestibular dysfunction, the mechanisms of recovery in children, the challenges of VR for children, and a summary of research on the efficacy for VR for children.

scholarly journals German speech manipulation in texts about Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
N. I. Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Information Warfare ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Foreign Media ◽  
Media Manipulation

This article discusses the features of speech manipulation on the Russian theme in modern German political texts. The need to write such a work is due to a number of factors.First, the authors note that this topic, despite its relevance in the context of increasing information warfare, especially over the past five years, is not sufficiently described. The problem of speech violence is practically not considered in the theoretical part of the relevant dissertations, scientific articles and textbooks. In the exercises for students on abstracting, listening and socio-political translation there are no tasks related to the detection and analysis of speech manipulation means, speech demagogy or speech aggression in foreign media.Secondly, in the presence of a large amount of literature, one way or another devoted to the problem of media manipulation, it is possible to find relatively little linguistic research of foreign texts.And, thirdly, it should be noted that there are theoretical gaps in this area of research, in particular, the lack of generally accepted points of view on the classification, the terminological name of speech strategies, tactics and techniques used for the purpose of covert introduction into the consciousness of the addressee of the necessary information to the manipulator, which complicates the analysis of speech facts of manipulative influence.With regard to the German political language, the authors of this article pay attention to the manipulative linguistic techniques of the German media in publications on Russian (and in fact - anti-Russian) topics, on the extralinguistic background, especially related to the reunification of the Crimea with Russia and the conflict in the Donbass. German media, ranging from the relatively respectable newspaper “Süddeutsche Zeitung“ to the Boulevard “Bild” write and talk about Russia either in a bad light or nothing at all.Thus, a pejorative function directed at a negative characterization of our state without any serious argument comes to the fore. Since different types of language manipulation require contexts of a greater length for their demonstration, the authors confine their material to the adduced one.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

Crystal structure images of large gold clusters and growing crystals by HRTEM

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
L.R. Wallenberg ◽  
J.-O. Bovin ◽  
G. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Close Packing ◽  
Gold Clusters ◽  
Molecular Weight Determination ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Points Of View

Metallic clusters are interesting from various points of view, e.g. as a mean of spreading expensive catalysts on a support, or following heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic events. It is also possible to study nucleation and growth mechanisms for crystals with the cluster as known starting point.Gold-clusters containing 55 atoms were manufactured by reducing (C6H5)3PAuCl with B2H6 in benzene. The chemical composition was found to be Au9.2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl. Molecular-weight determination by means of an ultracentrifuge gave the formula Au55[P(C6H5)3]Cl6 A model was proposed from Mössbauer spectra by Schmid et al. with cubic close-packing of the 55 gold atoms in a cubeoctahedron as shown in Fig 1. The cluster is almost completely isolated from the surroundings by the twelve triphenylphosphane groups situated in each corner, and the chlorine atoms on the centre of the 3x3 square surfaces. This gives four groups of gold atoms, depending on the different types of surrounding.

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