The Ottoman Postmaster: Contractors, Communication and Early Modern State Formation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choon Hwee Koh
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Administrative Capacity ◽  
Military Contractors ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Centralization And Decentralization

Prevailing historiography views the use of contractors by states as indicative of a loss or decentralization of power. This article takes the case of the Ottoman postmaster to demonstrate how contracting could in fact strengthen early modern empires and to argue that the binary spatial metaphors of ‘centralization’ and ‘decentralization’ cannot adequately explain how power worked in the early modern world (about 1500–1800). Indeed, recent scholarship has highlighted the scale and significance of military contractors in early modern European warfare. However, contractors were not confined to expanding military capacity; they were also employed to expand administrative capacity in diverse arenas. Evidence from Ottoman fiscal documents and judicial registers shows how contracted postmasters played a crucial role in strengthening the imperial bureaucracy’s supervision of a sprawling postal system. In contrast to war-making, which involved the short-term mobilization of vast resources, maintaining a large-scale infrastructure required long-term co-ordination across multiple dispersed nodes, and this entailed a different spatial configuration of power that disrupts the dichotomous paradigm of centralization and decentralization. Ultimately, a holistic appraisal of early modern state-building needs to consider not just cases of war-making or provincial administration, but also pan-imperial infrastructures like information and communication systems.

scholarly journals Digging down into the global urban past

Urban History ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Emma Hart ◽  
Mariana Dantas
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Urban History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global City ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Diverse Communities

Abstract In our introduction to this Special Issue on early modern cities and globalization, we explore the current place of cities before 1850 in global urban history and address the promise of a greater focus on their role. We argue that the interplay between the large scale and the small scale in the imperial global city is an essential dialogical force in the formation of each city's relationship to the wider early modern world. Furthermore, early modern global urban history can help explain the creation of spaces that facilitated connections between distant, global locations, as well as illuminate the emergence of networks of exchange between city communities around the globe. Yet, it also reveals the tense, messy negotiation of the meaning of these urban spaces, as well as the incredibly diverse communities they harboured.

scholarly journals Applying intelligent methods of risk analysis in information communication systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 04018
Author(s):  
Maria Maslova
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Intelligent Analysis ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Intelligent Methods ◽  
Constant Growth

In the modern world there is a constant growth of information and information technologies, a risk-oriented approach to managing information security of information and communication systems of companies seems increasingly promising. But apart from development, there are threats and risks that affect both the image and the financial component of companies. Therefore, one of the main tasks is to assess, analyze and prevent the risks of information security in information communication systems using modern methods in conjunction with the use of intelligent analysis methods.

scholarly journals Statistical Indicators of Cybersecurity Development in the Context of Digital Transformation of Economy and Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Antonina Yerina ◽  
Ihor Honchar ◽  
Svitlana Zaiets
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cyber Risk

Introduction. The scale and destructive consequences of the unlawful impact on cyberspace is a key problem of modern geopolitics, and cyber reliability is recognized as one of the most important security priorities by the subjects of international relations.Problem Statement. Monitoring of cyber incidents and anomalies in information and communication systems and prompt response to risks determined by cyber threats require the development of a system of indicators and criteria for cybersecurity assessment.Purpose. Summarize the international experience of assessing the cybersecurity, to position countries by their level of development in the global space, to identify strengths and weaknesses in cybersecurity management, and to ensure effective protection of cyberspace at the national level.Materials and Methods. Used the component indices of the international rankings characterizing the potential of the digital economy (ICT IDI, NRI, EGDI) and the participation of countries in the field of cybersecurity(GCI and NCSI).Results. It has been argued that cybersecurity ratings play the role of a kind of identifier of the relative advantages and vulnerabilities of the national cyber strategies, and indicate the need for their review in order tostrengthen protection against cyber-attacks and improve the cyber risk management system. In countries with a high level of economic development, which is largely based on the contribution of IT technologies to the national production, the cybersecurity potential is significantly higher, regardless of geolocation. The discovered correlation between GCI, information society development indices (IDI, NRI, EGDI) and GDPper capita confirms that the digital transformation of the economy and society acts as a key driver of economicdevelopment if the information- and cyber-security are assured only. The best practices are highlighted, andcritically weak segments of the national cybersecurity are identified.Conclusions. Using the NCSI indicators, the preparedness of Georgia and Ukraine to prevent the implementation of fundamental cyber threats and to manage cyber incidents and large-scale cyber crises is assessed.

Method of conducting video lectures and online broadcasting in the system of preparation of bachelors from cyber security in the conditions of educational digits

2020 ◽  
Vol 1(16) (2020) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Oleksiy Samoуlenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Conditions For Learning ◽  
Video Lectures ◽  
Information And Communication

The article presents the method of conducting video lectures and online broadcasts in the system of training bachelors in cybersecurity in an educational and digital environment. It is determined that professional training of personnel in various industries in the modern world is an extremely important task of the state. Its solution becomes significant depending on how close these or those specialists are to the sphere of society. The meaning of the concept of "training" is defined, which is defined as a set of special knowledge, skills, qualities, work experience and norms of behavior that provide the opportunity to work successfully in a particular profession; as a process of communicating relevant knowledge and skills. " It is specified that the educational and digital environment can be understood as a set of organizational and pedagogical conditions for learning that contribute to the motivation of higher education students to self-development, self-education and is a key component of professional development of future professionals through information resources and services. It is emphasized that video lecture is the main form of conducting educational classes in the educational-digital environment, intended for mastering theoretical material. Each individual lecture is a component of the course of lectures in the educational and digital environment of the course discipline. Let's outline the general requirements for video lectures for bachelors in cybersecurity in the educational and digital environment. It has been determined that online broadcasting is a convenient way to communicate with bachelors in cybersecurity in real time in an educational and digital environment. At the expense of such broadcast it is possible to arrange for them game streams, to hold online seminars or to answer questions. The presented method of conducting video lectures and online broadcasts for the training of bachelors in cybersecurity is characterized by mandatory professional training for bachelors to obtain the qualification of information security specialist in information and communication systems and provides practice to provide training conditions in the real environment of future professional activities. Prospects for further research are the development of technology for the introduction of video lectures and online broadcasts in the system of training bachelors in cybersecurity and verification of the results.

American Baroque

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly A. Warsh
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Evaluative Language ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Pearl Cultivation

Patterns of pearl cultivation and circulation reveal vernacular practices that shaped emerging imperial ideas about value and wealth in the early modern world. Pearls’ variability and subjective beauty posed a profound challenge to the imperial impulse to order and control, underscoring the complexity of governing subjects and objects in the early modern world. Qualitative, evaluative language would play a prominent role in crown officials’ attempts to contain and channel this complexity. The book’s title reflects the evolving significance of the term barrueca (which became “baroque” in English), a word initially employed in the Venezuelan fisheries to describe irregular pearls. Over time, this term lost its close association with the jewel but came to serve as a metaphor for irregular, unbounded expression. Pearls’ enduring importance lies less in the revenue they generated than in the conversations they prompted about the nature of value and the importance of individual skill and judgment, as well as the natural world, in its creation and husbandry. The stories generated by pearls—an unusual, organic jewel—range globally, crossing geographic and imperial boundaries as well as moving across scales, linking the bounded experiences of individuals to the expansion of imperial bureaucracies. These microhistories illuminate the connections between these small- and large-scale historical processes, revealing the connections between empire as envisioned by monarchs, enacted in law, and experienced at sea and on the ground by individuals.

Does Jack Goldstone's Model of Early Modern State Crises Apply to Russia?

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 572-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester Dunning
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Price Inflation ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
Political Economic

In 1991 Jack A. Goldstone published an important book, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World, in which he boldly charted a new way to explain the basic causes of revolution throughout Eurasia from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Goldstone attempts to explain the periodic waves of early modern state crises, rebellions, and civil wars in widely divergent cultures and geographic settings by developing an intriguing model of state breakdowns which he applies primarily to England, France, the Ottoman Empire, and China. Goldstone views the crises of large agrarian absolute monarchies mainly as the result of a single basic process: prolonged population growth in the context of relatively inflexible economic and social structures, eventually resulting in rapid price inflation, sudden shifts in resources, and rising social demands on a scale that most agrarian-based bureaucratic states found overwhelming. Simply put, long-term population and price in-creases have helped push rigid political, economic, and social institutions into crisis. Since the publication of Goldstone's work, there has been a positive response to it from many historians and social scientists. So far, however, no one has attempted to test Goldstone's model by applying it to a state break-down which the author did not include in his study. In my own research I have discovered that Goldstone's model may apply to Russia even though he did not focus on it. In this article I hope to demonstrate that his work helps explain Russia's Time of Troubles (1598–1613) and that the Russian test case helps validate Goldstone's model as an important contribution to comparative history.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Luca Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Alternative Framework ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Design Challenges

The enclosure of movement in the Holy Roman Empire, studied here through the lens of safe conduct, engendered a highly contingent interplay of obstructive and accelerating factors that affected the geography and temporality of different forms of movement in different ways. Spatially, these efforts were not concentrated at territorial borders but at settlements, toll stations, and other choke points, indicating that late modern border talk is unsuitable for understanding the ordering of movement before the mid-eighteenth century. The fact that early modern freedoms of movement, however poorly enforced, did not exist by default but by deliberate design challenges the image of the early modern ‘state’ as a preventer of mobility. This conclusion places the book’s findings in a broader perspective and argues that the history of the Holy Roman Empire offers an alternative framework not just for understanding other parts of the early modern world but also for appreciating ambiguities inherent in the late modern border regime.

scholarly journals THE POPULARITY OF ANCIENT HISTORIANS, 1450–1600

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
FREYJA COX JENSEN
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
European Culture ◽  
European Heritage ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe histories of ancient Greece and Rome are part of a shared European heritage, and a foundation for many modern Western social and cultural traditions. Their printing and circulation during the Renaissance helped to shape the identities of individual nations, and create different reading publics. Yet we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the forms in which works of Greek and Roman history were published in the first centuries of the handpress age, the relationship between the ideas contained within these texts and the books as material objects, and thus the precise nature of the changes they effected in early modern European culture and society. This article provides the groundwork for a reassessment of the place of ancient history in the early modern world. Using new, digital resources to reappraise existing scholarship, it offers a fresh evaluation of the publication of the ancient historians from the inception of print to 1600, revealing important differences that alter our understanding of particular authors, texts, and trends, and suggesting directions for further research. It also models the research possibilities of large-scale digital catalogues and databases, and highlights the possibilities (and pitfalls) of these resources.

scholarly journals Anthropological Dimension of Smart Culture

wisdom ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-192
Author(s):  
Yevheniia LEVCHENIUK ◽  
Fedir VLASENKO ◽  
Dmytro TOVMASH ◽  
Ruslana ATASHKADEH ◽  
Svetlana STEZHKO
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Evolutionary Stage ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Information And Communication

To carry out socio-philosophical conceptualization of the phenomenon of smart-culture as the newest sphere of human being, which emerges and develops in the era of informatization and technologization of society. The authors prove that the concept of “smart culture” is an evolutionary stage and unity of meanings of theoretical approaches to understanding the essence of modern society (information, virtual, global, etc.). It is proved that the condition and consequence of the emergence of a smart society is the development of a smart culture, which emerges as a unity of value models and technical and technological levels of development of civilization, which, in turn, forms a new subject - a smart person who tries to be realized as an individual through scientific advances, the latest information and communication technologies in a new living space. It is substantiated that the modern world is in a state of systemic, large-scale transformations, the result of which is in the emergence and development of new relations such as human-world, human-society, human-city, human-community, etc.

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