The Gift of Moving: Intergenerational Consequences of a Mobility Shock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Nakamura ◽  
Jósef Sigurdsson ◽  
Jón Steinsson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
High Income ◽  
Geographic Mobility ◽  
Statistical Uncertainty ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Average Income ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Lifetime Earnings ◽  
The Town

Abstract We exploit a volcanic “experiment” to study the costs and benefits of geographic mobility. In our experiment, a third of the houses in a town were covered by lava. People living in these houses were much more likely to move away permanently. For the dependents in a household (children), our estimates suggest that being induced to move by the “lava shock” dramatically raised lifetime earnings and education. While large, these estimates come with a substantial amount of statistical uncertainty. The benefits of moving were very unequally distributed across generations: the household heads (parents) were made slightly worse off by the shock. These results suggest large barriers to moving for the children, which imply that labor does not flow to locations where it earns the highest returns. The large gains from moving for the young are surprising in light of the fact that the town affected by our volcanic experiment was (and is) a relatively high income town. We interpret our findings as evidence of the importance of comparative advantage: the gains to moving may be very large for those badly matched to the location they happened to be born in, even if differences in average income are small.

scholarly journals Costs and benefits of interventions aimed at major infectious disease threats: lessons from the literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1329-1350
Author(s):  
Klas Kellerborg ◽  
Werner Brouwer ◽  
Pieter van Baal
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Major Outbreak ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Major Infectious Disease ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
H1n1 Outbreak

Abstract Pandemics and major outbreaks have the potential to cause large health losses and major economic costs. To prioritize between preventive and responsive interventions, it is important to understand the costs and health losses interventions may prevent. We review the literature, investigating the type of studies performed, the costs and benefits included, and the methods employed against perceived major outbreak threats. We searched PubMed and SCOPUS for studies concerning the outbreaks of SARS in 2003, H5N1 in 2003, H1N1 in 2009, Cholera in Haiti in 2010, MERS-CoV in 2013, H7N9 in 2013, and Ebola in West-Africa in 2014. We screened titles and abstracts of papers, and subsequently examined remaining full-text papers. Data were extracted according to a pre-constructed protocol. We included 34 studies of which the majority evaluated interventions related to the H1N1 outbreak in a high-income setting. Most interventions concerned pharmaceuticals. Included costs and benefits, as well as the methods applied, varied substantially between studies. Most studies used a short time horizon and did not include future costs and benefits. We found substantial variation in the included elements and methods used. Policymakers need to be aware of this and the bias toward high-income countries and pharmaceutical interventions, which hampers generalizability. More standardization of included elements, methodology, and reporting would improve economic evaluations and their usefulness for policy.

Aetolian Inscriptions

1893 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 338-355
Author(s):  
W. J. Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Small Contribution ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town ◽  
Growing Mass

A singularly small contribution has been made by Aetolia to the vast and steadily growing mass of our epigraphical treasures. This seems to be due to two reasons,—a real dearth of inscriptions traceable in part to the character of the Aetolians themselves, and, secondly, the comparative neglect that Aetolia has suffered at the hands of travellers and archaeologists. The inscriptions given here are the results of a detailed exploration extending over part of each of the two years 1892 and 1893.A large proportion, and those the most interesting of the inscriptions found, come from Naupaktos, or its immediate neighbourhood. This valuable maritime station was, as is well known, put by Athens into the possession of the exiled Messenians and with the downfall of her Empire it passed into the hands of the Achaean allies of Sparta: they seem to have kept it in spite of all the efforts of the Aetolians and it was not until 338 B.C. that its natural owners finally regained it by the gift of Philip of Macedon. From that time onwards Naupaktos played an important part in the history of the League. Pausanias visited the town and among its antiquities he mentions the ruins of a temple of Asklepios of some reputation. The site of this temple has been identified from the inscriptions cut in the face of a rock forming the back of a terrace near the springs called Kephalóvrysis, a few minutes' walk to the east of the town. The few fragments which are all that can now be deciphered of the numerous inscriptions which once covered the rock are given by R. Weil in his paper ‘Das Asklepieion von Naupaktos,’ Mitth. des deutsch. Inst. vol. iv. p. 22.

scholarly journals EVALUASI KELAYAKAN USAHATANI BERAS MERAH (Oryza Nivara) DI DESA MANIS RAYA KECAMATAN SEPAUK KABUPATEN SINTANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MASTORDIANTO, ADI SUYATNO, MASWADI
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
High Income ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Oryza Nivara ◽  
The Village

Manis Raya village is one of the villages in the subdistrict of Sepauk having production of Oryza Nivara is large enough. The size of the production Oryza Nevara does not yet guarantee a high income are accepted by farmers. Production of Oryza Nevara obtained in the village Manis Raya relatively hight, does not mean the income is also hight, so that required a research analisis income and feasibility farming of Oryza Nivara in the village of Manis Raya. Research aims to know the income and feasibility farming of Oryza Nivara that was held in April until June 2018. The determination of locations have done by deliberately (purposive) with consideration that the village of  Manis Raya is one of producer Oryza Nivara. The analysis used in this research was income analysis and feasibility. The result of the analysis showed that the average income of Oryza Nivara farmers for one growing season is Rp. 17.098.414 /ha mt growing season. The analysis showed revenue of cost ratio was 4,54, thus, Oryza Nivara farm in the village of Manis Raya worth to be the efforted.Keywords: Analysis of income, farming Oryza Nivara, feasibility analysis.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status and parent perceptions about the costs and benefits of youth sport

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0258885
Author(s):  
Emily Kroshus ◽  
Pingping Qu ◽  
Sara Chrisman ◽  
Stanley Herring ◽  
Frederick Rivara
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
High Income ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Parental Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Objectives Describe what costs and benefits parents across the socioeconomic spectrum weight most heavily when making decisions about sport participation for their children. Method Cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative online panel of parents of children between the ages of 5 and 18 (n = 1025, 52% response rate). Parents rated the importance of a series of potential costs and benefits of youth sport and these responses were compared across tertiles of per capita family income. We first examined the association between family income tertiles and cost and benefit variables. Model-based cluster analysis was then used to identity homogeneous groups of responses to costs and benefits. Results In all income tertiles, the top two benefits of sport were the same: having fun and being physically active. Sport as a means of keeping children out of trouble was very important for 64% of low-income parents as compared to 40% of high-income parents. Obtaining a college athletic scholarship was very important for 26% of low-income parents, as compared to 8% of high-income parents. Relative rankings of potential costs were similar by income tertile, with risk of concussion and other injury and the impact of sport on schoolwork prioritized across tertiles. Conclusions Parents prioritized fun and fitness in sport, and were concerned about injury and the impact of sport on academics. Lower income parents were the most likely to view keeping their child out of trouble, and the potential for a college athletics scholarship, as benefits of sport. Efforts to support parental decision making should be grounded in an understanding that family preferences are contextually constrained. While all parents should be appropriately informed about the potential costs and benefits they are weighting in their sports-related decision making, such family-focused efforts should be balanced with the recognition that structural change is needed to address income-related concerns about sport participation.

scholarly journals The Lengthening of Childhood

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Deming ◽  
Susan Dynarski
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
First Grade ◽  
School Entry ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
The Gift ◽  
High School Dropout Rates ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
Lifetime Earnings ◽  
The Individual

Over the past 40 years, the age at which children enter first grade has slowly drifted upward. In the fall of 1968, 96 percent of six-year-old children were enrolled in first grade or above. By 2005, the proportion had dropped to 84 percent, mainly because a substantial share of six-year-olds were still in kindergarten. About a third of the increase in age at school entry can be explained by legal changes. Almost every state has increased the age at which children are allowed to start primary school. The other two-thirds of the increase in the age at school entry reflects the individual decisions of parents and teachers who choose to keep children out of kindergarten or first grade even when they are legally eligible to attend. This practice is sometimes called “red-shirting,” a phrase originally used to describe the practice of holding college athletes out of play until they have grown larger and stronger. Red-shirting is referred to as “the gift of time” in education circles, reflecting a perception that children who have been allowed to mature for another year will benefit more from their schooling. As we will discuss, little evidence supports this perception. It is indeed true that in any grade, older children tend to perform better academically than the younger children. In the early grades there is a strong, positive relationship between a child's age in months and his performance relative to his peers. But there is little evidence that being older than your classmates has any long-term, positive effect on adult outcomes such as IQ, earnings, or educational attainment. By contrast, there is substantial evidence that entering school later reduces educational attainment (by increasing high school dropout rates) and depresses lifetime earnings (by delaying entry into the labor market).

André do Couto Godinho

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucilene Reginaldo
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Black People ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Geographic Mobility ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
African Descendants ◽  
The Town ◽  
Different Parts

André do Couto Godinho was born in 1720 in the Brazilian captaincy of Minas Gerais, in the town of Mariana, and died in the Kingdom of Kongo, probably around 1790. Born not only a slave but the slave of a slave, he went on to obtain his freedom, becoming literate, later studying at a university, and finally going on to serve as a missionary in Africa. Between the beginning of his life, in Brazil, and its end, in Africa, he spent a number of years in Portugal, in the cities of Coimbra and Lisbon. While his life story is certainly extraordinary, it provides a window into the possibilities of, and strategies for, social and geographic mobility of free and freed black people in different parts of the Portuguese Empire during the second half of the 1700s. Retracing André Godinho’s footsteps is an exercise in micro-history, a technique that, when used as a counterpoint to a more global analysis, offers fresh insights into familiar subjects, with the seemingly insignificant details of an individual life raising questions that would have gone unnoticed in a strictly macroscopic analysis. André’s path in life, as a free man of color helps understand the larger historical contexts that defined the possibilities, choices, and limitations of his personal history. Godinho’s story provides insights into African descendants’ possibilities for social ascension, also clarifying the limitations imposed by emerging social hierarchies based on skin color and slave origin.

scholarly journals Relationship between Contextual Factors, Psychosocial Factors and Hygienic Practices of Tribes in Liberia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216
Author(s):  
Henry Eementary Kpoeh
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
High Income ◽  
Correlational Design ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
High Income Category ◽  
The Relationship

This study determined the relationship between contextual factors, psychosocial factors and hygienic practices of the tribes of Liberia. Data were collected from six randomly selected tribes from three regions in Liberia. Convenient, stratified and random sampling techniques were employed to survey 390 household heads who were aged 15 years and above. A correlational design was used and data gathered were analyzed utilizing inferential statistics. Majority of the respondents were males aged 40 years and above and of the middle and high income category. Regression analysis revealed self-efficacy, social environment and cognitive factors as predictors of hygienic practices in terms of disposal of wastes, while self-efficacy, cognitive, policy implementation and cultural identity predicted handwashing. Additionally, social environment, self-efficacy, physical environment, cognitive and policy implementation predicted bathing practices. Respondents who had high income, high educational attainment and of the tribes C and E had a better practice on waste disposal. Those with high income and of the tribes D and C had a better handwashing practice, while those who had high income and of the A and E ethnic groups exhibited better bathing practices.

scholarly journals Traditional Handline Fishing in Pohuwato Regency, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Central Bureau ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Marketing Efficiency

This study aims to determine the level of income of traditional handline fishing and its marketing efficiency in the Bumbulan Village, Paguat District, Pohuwato Regency, Gorontalo Province. This study used a survey method with questionnaires by interviews. The samples were selected by census of 33 fishermen. This study was conducted in December 2018 to October 2019. The results revealed the traditional handline fishermen average income is Rp. 4,073,030 per month. It is categorized as high income according to BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics).

scholarly journals HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES OF 179 COUNTRIES WITH DIFFERENT GNI PER CAPITA IN 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-683
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Vezhnovets ◽  
Vitalyi G. Gurianov ◽  
Natalia V. Prus ◽  
Oleksandr V. Korotkyi ◽  
Olena Y. Antonyuk
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim: To study the difference in health care expenditures in groups of countries with different GNI per capita. Materials and methods: In 4 groups of countries with different GNI per capita were analyzed indicators of Current health expenditure per capita ($) (СHE), Domestic general government health expenditure per capita, PPP ($) (GGHE $) and GGHE%, Domestic private health expenditure per capita, PPP ($) (PHE) and PHE%, Out-of-pocket expenditure (%) (OOP), Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (CHE% GDP). Results: The group of high-income countries differs by CHE, GGHE $, GGHE%, PHE $, PHE%, OOP, CHE% GDP (p <0.001), the group with incomes above the average – by CHE, GGHE $, PHE $, PHE%, CHE%GDP (p <0.001). Groups with lower average income and low income do not differ in CHE, GGHE$, PHE$, PHE%, OOP (p> 0.05). GNI per capita has a positive effect on GDP%GDP, CHE, GGHE, PHE in the high-income group and negatively affects the OOP (p <0.05), GNI per capita has a positive effect on CHE, GGHE in the above-average income group, GNI per capita has a positive effect on CHE, GGHE, GGHE%, PHE and negatively affects OOP (p <0.05) in the income group below average. GNI percapita has a positive effect on the OOP and negatively affects the CHE%GDP (p <0.05) in the low-income group. Conclusions: Each group of countries, depending on per capita income, has its own health care costs.

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