ASSESSING THE COMPLIANCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS RADIATED BY BASE STATIONS AND WIFI ACCESS POINTS WITH INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES ON UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Sajedeh Keshmiri ◽  
Neda Gholampour ◽  
Vahid Mohtashami
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Guidelines ◽  
Access Points ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Measured Power

Abstract This paper presents a series of electromagnetic field measurements performed on the campus of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in order to assess the compliance of radiation levels of cellular base stations and WiFi access points with international guidelines. A calibrated, broadband and isotropic probe is used and recommendations of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are followed up throughout measurements. More than 300 outdoor and indoor locations have been systematically chosen for measurements. The recorded data are post-processed and compared with the guideline of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Measured power densities of WiFi access points are low and do not exceed 1% of the level allowed by ICNIRP. For cellular base stations, measured power density is usually low outdoors, but reaches up to 16% of the allowed radiation level in publicly accessible indoor locations. Comprehensive exposure assessment, as recommended by ITU, has been performed to estimate the maximum possible radiation of one indoor base station. It is concluded that precautionary actions have to be taken by university authorities to limit the presence of students in close proximity to specific indoor antennas. Moreover, comprehensive exposure assessment is more likely necessary for indoor base stations whereas such assessment is not usually required outdoors.

Evaluation of Power Receiving Signal of 5G Small Cells for Outdoor/Indoor Environment at Millimeterwave Bands

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Nagham Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Angular Spectrum ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
3D Ray Tracing ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Building Characteristics

This paper presents a simulation study of the outdoor and indoor propagation losses utilizing 5G small cells at suggested millimeter-wave frequencies of 26 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz. The environment of this study is conducted with penetration loss of new and old building characteristics. The simulation is performed with help of 3D ray tracing model NVIDIA OptiX engine and MATLAB. The targeted frequencies are 26 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz that specified by International Telecommunication Union ITU-R organization. The simulation routes are investigated in term of signal strength at multiple receiving points. The strength angular spectrum are represented for fixed points and the power receiving delay is presented by their attributes. The simulated responses showed an efficient and sufficient outdoor and indoor service might be provisioned at 26 GHz and 28 GHz. The received signals at 28 GHz and 38 GHz are found around 4.5 dB and 11 dB with comparison with signal received level at 26 GHz. However, at 38 GHz the indoor signal strength and power receiving delays demonstrate a weak signal reception which offers a poor solution to indoor user by outside fixed base station.

scholarly journals Analytical Study of Radio Frequency Radiation Exposure Level from Different Mobile Base Transceiver Stations in Urban area

2019 ◽  
pp. 457-461
Author(s):  
Aremu O. A. ◽  
Makinde O. S. ◽  
Oyinkanola L. O. A. ◽  
Akande Ademola
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Electromagnetic Emission ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Radio Frequency Radiation ◽  
Multiple Network

Several base stations have been installed due to large economy demand for advancement in technologies. In this work, measurements of radiation level emitted from the base stations were made using a hand held GQ-380 EMF RF meter, the distance was measured at the interval of 20 m from the foot of the base station using a digital distance wheel meter. The electric field of the base station was measured using a GM 3120 electromagnetic radiation tester. The experimental results from this study shows that generally, for all base stations considered, the power density increases between (0 – 40 m) from the base stations and it decreases as the distance increases from 40 – 300 m. The maximum radiated value obtained was 13.35% of the Non-ionizing radiation protection standards (ICNIRP) recommended limit and the average power density for the multiple network was found to be 0.021 mW/m2 while that of single network was found to be 0.006 mW/m2, this is far below the recommended safety level standard for public exposure. Going by the low level of radiations obtained from the various locations in this study, it is discovered that all the operators comply with the ICNIRP recommended level which is 0.45 W/m2. It is therefore concluded that the electromagnetic emission from GSM base stations in the selected areas pose no threat to members of the public within this area.

Telecommunication Network Performances and Evaluation of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-37
Author(s):  
Jazuli S. Kazaure ◽  
Ugochukwu O. Matthew ◽  
Nwamaka U. Okafor ◽  
Ogobuchi Daniel Okey
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Telecommunication Network ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Access Points ◽  
North West ◽  
Wireless Fidelity

The ongoing mobile communication technology intensification had occasioned the inevitable multiplications in the ratio of the radio frequency base service stations which had raised public consciousness over the considerable health hazards of the radioactive emissions from the communication systems. The current paper analysed the sequences of electromagnetic field measurements performed on the selected three states in the North West Nigeria in order to establish the compliance of radiation levels of cellular base stations and wireless fidelity access points with respect to internationally approved recommendations. The measured power densities of wireless fidelity access points are minimal and do not surpass 1% of the level allowed by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation (ICNIRP). The result confirmed the environmental safety of the RF energy maintained by the telecommunication operators within the general public indicating an insignificant health hazards to the citizens.

scholarly journals “Sound of silence”: a secure indoor wireless ultrasonic communication system

2014 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Wentao Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

According to a report from the World Health Organization, over 1.4 million mobile phone base stations exist worldwide today, and that number is significantly increasing with the emergence of new communication technologies. What about mobile phones? The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) claims that there are almost as many mobile phone subscriptions in the world as people. And that’s about 6 billion! The growth of wireless networks has enabled people to use personal devices anywhere at any time. Wireless communication nowadays has become a utility like water, electricity and gas. With the convenience and efficiency it brings, we also have to consider some issues with this technology, because it is so fundamental to our everyday lives. One critical and urgent issue is wireless availability. Like the laptops, mobile phones and tablets we know and love today, wireless devices communicate with each other using what are known as radio waves. Useful radio ...

scholarly journals Radio frequency peak and average power density from mobile base stations in Ekiti State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-231
Author(s):  
Ilesanmi B. Oluwafemi ◽  
Adedeji M. Faluru ◽  
Tayo D. Obasanyo
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Mobile Telecommunication ◽  
Radiation Level ◽  
Field Radiation ◽  
Increasing Demand

The ever-increasing number of mobile telecommunication base station as a result of increasing demand for broadband applications has raised a growing concern and worry over the health implications and safety of the radiations from these base stations by the resident of Ekiti State and Nigeria in Nigeria. Measurement of radio frequency was conducted in this research in order to study the electromagnetic field radiation level in Ekiti State Nigeria. Investigation was conducted with the four available mobile operators with the three sub-frequency band viz 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz. The power density of radio frequency radiation was estimated through measurement with the aid of A 3-Axis RF Radiation Strength Meter TM-196 and Handheld Spectrum Analyzer Model NA-773, 144/430. The peak and average power density was computed using the method of theoretical calculation and the safety distance from the antennas were estimated. The measured and the calculated values were compared with the international commission on non-ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP) standard for public and occupational exposure level. Results show that the radiations from the base stations adheres to the standard provided by ICNIRP

Investigation of the influence of surfaces between basic stations and satisfactory recognition on the accuracy of coordinating definitions

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Natalia Neizvestna ◽  
◽  
Anna Khomiak ◽  
Sibilla Omelchuk ◽  
Marya Malko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Modeling Method ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mathematical Statistics ◽  
Mobile Receiver ◽  
Satellite Receiver

The distance between different base stations and the mobile receiver, as well as errors of coordinate definitions at different distances between the base station and the mobile receiver are investigated. For realization of the set tasks the following methods of research were applied: field measurements, mathematical modeling method and methods of mathematical statistics for the processing of experimental data. The degree of influence of distances between the base station and the satellite receiver on accuracy of coordinate definitions in RTK-mode is established.

DEVELOPMENT OF VALUATION METHOD OF THE STATUS OF BASE STATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE NEED OF THEIR UPGRADING

2017 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Natalya Ivanovna Shaposhnikova ◽  
Alexander Aleksandrovich Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
Theory Of Fuzzy Sets

The article consideres the problems of determining the need to modernize the base stations of the cellular network based on the mathematical apparatus of the theory of fuzzy sets. To improve the quality of telecommunications services the operators should send significant funding for upgrading the equipment of base stations. Modernization can improve and extend the functions of base stations to provide cellular communication, increase the reliability of the base station in operation and the functionality of its individual elements, and reduce the cost of maintenance and repair when working on a cellular network. The complexity in collecting information about the equipment condition is determined by a large number of factors that affect its operation, as well as the imperfection of obtaining and processing the information received. For a comprehensive assessment of the need for modernization, it is necessary to take into account a number of indicators. In the structure of indicators of the need for modernization, there were introduced the parameters reflecting both the degree of aging and obsolescence(the technical gap and the backlog in connection with the emergence of new technologies and standards). In the process of a problem solving, the basic stages of decision-making on modernization have been allocated. Decision-making on the need for modernization is based not only on measuring information that takes into account the decision-makers, but also on linguistic and verbal information. Therefore, to determine the need for upgrading the base stations, the theory of fuzzy sets is used, with the help of which experts can be attracted to this issue. They will be able to formulate additional fuzzy judgments that help to take into account not only measuring characteristics, but also poorly formalized fuzzy information. To do this, the main indicators of the modernization need have been defined, and fuzzy estimates of the need for modernization for all indicators and a set of indicators reflecting the need for upgrading the base stations have been formulated.

Mobile network synthesis strategy

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
V. Lyandres
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frequency Assignment ◽  
Network Synthesis ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Synthesis Strategy ◽  
Adaptive Vector Quantization

Introduction:Effective synthesis of а mobile communication network includes joint optimisation of two processes: placement of base stations and frequency assignment. In real environments, the well-known cellular concept fails due to some reasons, such as not homogeneous traffic and non-isotropic wave propagation in the service area.Purpose:Looking for the universal method of finding a network structure close to the optimal.Results:The proposed approach is based on the idea of adaptive vector quantization of the network service area. As a result, it is reduced to a 2D discrete map split into zones with approximately equal number of service requests. In each zone, the algorithm finds such coordinates of its base station that provide the shortest average distance to all subscribers. This method takes into account the shortage of the a priory information about the current traffic, ensures maximum coverage of the service area, and what is not less important, significantly simplifies the process of frequency assignment.

Contribution a la rationalisation du reseau qualite de l’eau de la Baie James

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-76
Author(s):  
B. Bobée ◽  
D. Cluis ◽  
A. Tessier
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Multivariate Technique ◽  
Qualité De L’Eau ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A water quality sampling programme for James Bay territory established in a previous study has been carried out for the Department of Natural Resources of the Province of Quebec. The network is composed of 5 base-stations, sampled every fortnight to determine the variability with time of the parameters and 16 satellite-stations, sampled five times yearly with a view to determine the spatial variability. The data (major ions and certain nutrients) gathered during the 1974–1975 field survey are subjected to an analysis by a multivariate technique (correspondence analysis) in addition to certain classical statistical methods. The latter have shown that the mean values obtained at satellite stations were representative of the annual mean. In addition, the results permit the determination for a given parameter, of the relationship between stations and, for a given station, the relationship between parameters. In both cases, the formulation of predictive equations was attempted. An overall evaluation of the data by correspondence analysis has permitted: - a more precise definition of the qualitative behaviour of the different sub-basins of the James Bay territory and characterization of their waters;- a proof of the existence of gradual concentration changes in both East-West and North-South directions. Within the original objectives of the network, the results of the study have led to the following recommendations: - to continue synchronised samplings;- to transform a base station with a low information content into a satellite station;- to create a new base station in the eastern part of the territory.

scholarly journals The graph neural networking challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
José Suárez-Varela ◽  
Miquel Ferriol-Galmés ◽  
Albert López ◽  
Paul Almasan ◽  
Guillermo Bernárdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Broad Audience

During the last decade, Machine Learning (ML) has increasingly become a hot topic in the field of Computer Networks and is expected to be gradually adopted for a plethora of control, monitoring and management tasks in real-world deployments. This poses the need to count on new generations of students, researchers and practitioners with a solid background in ML applied to networks. During 2020, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has organized the "ITU AI/ML in 5G challenge", an open global competition that has introduced to a broad audience some of the current main challenges in ML for networks. This large-scale initiative has gathered 23 different challenges proposed by network operators, equipment manufacturers and academia, and has attracted a total of 1300+ participants from 60+ countries. This paper narrates our experience organizing one of the proposed challenges: the "Graph Neural Networking Challenge 2020". We describe the problem presented to participants, the tools and resources provided, some organization aspects and participation statistics, an outline of the top-3 awarded solutions, and a summary with some lessons learned during all this journey. As a result, this challenge leaves a curated set of educational resources openly available to anyone interested in the topic.

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