Ethical Consumerism in Global Perspective: A Multilevel Analysis of the Interactions between Individual-Level Predictors and Country-Level Affluence

A large literature has suggested that education leads to higher trust. In this article, I argue that how education and trust are associated at the individual level may depend on the level of risk and uncertainty of each institutional setting. Trust involves not only individuals’ risk-taking propensity and capability but also their perception of how uncertain or risky the situation they are in. I test this micro–macro interactive approach by analyzing data from the World Values Survey, the European Social Survey, and the World Bank. Results show that the education and trust association can change from positive to negative both cross-nationally and within national contexts over time in response to the social and political stability at the macro level. In stable and low-conflict societies, the association between education and trust is highly positive. However, the association becomes negative in transitional societies where social and political risks are widespread. Supporting the risk-taking and risk awareness mechanisms underpinning the interactive process, I show that education has varying impacts on risk-taking propensity and risk awareness across different institutional contexts.

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Geographic variation in work injuries: a multilevel analysis of individual-level data and area-level factors within Canada

Annals of Epidemiology ◽

10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.03.008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 260-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sara Morassaei ◽

F. Curtis Breslin ◽

Selahadin A. Ibrahim ◽

Peter M. Smith ◽

Cameron A. Mustard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Geographic Variation ◽

Multilevel Analysis ◽

Work Injuries ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data

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Environmental Behavior in Cross-National Perspective

Environment and Behavior ◽

10.1177/0013916515600494 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 31-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Ignacio Pisano ◽

Mark Lubell

Keyword(s):

Environmental Behavior ◽

National Level ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Education Development ◽

Proenvironmental Behavior ◽

Individual Level ◽

Country Level ◽

National Differences ◽

Cultural Research ◽

Cross National

This article seeks to explain cross-national differences on environmental behavior. After controlling for a series of sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, it was predicted that national levels of wealth, postmaterialism, education development, and environmental problems are positively related to environmental behavior. The national-level variance is to a substantial degree explained by individual-level variables, capturing compositional effects. The remaining variance is explained by the contextual-level variables. All of the country-level variables are predictors in the expected direction, with the exception of environmental degradation, which is negatively related to behavior, and education development, which has no impact on private environmental behavior. More importantly, cross-level interactions show that in more developed countries, there are stronger relationships between proecological attitudes and reported proenvironmental behavior. These findings contribute to the growing cross-cultural research on environmental behavior pointing out the necessity of simultaneously assessing the effects of both individual and contextual-level forces affecting behavior across nations.

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Inequality in active ageing: evidence from a new individual-level index for European countries

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x17001052 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 541-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

MIKKEL BARSLUND ◽

MARTEN VON WERDER ◽

ASGHAR ZAIDI

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Positive Association ◽

European Countries ◽

Active Ageing ◽

Unequal Distribution ◽

Individual Level ◽

Country Level ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Share Data ◽

The Individual

ABSTRACTIn the context of emerging challenges and opportunities associated with population ageing, the study of inequality in active-ageing outcomes is critical to the design of appropriate and effective social policies. While there is much discussion about active ageing at the aggregate country level, little is known about inequality in active-ageing experiences within countries. Based on the existing literature on active ageing, this paper proposes an individual-level composite active ageing index based on Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data. The individual-level nature of the index allows us to analyse inequality in experiences of active ageing within selected European countries. One important motivation behind measuring active ageing at the individual level is that it allows for a better understanding of unequal experiences of ageing, which may otherwise be masked in aggregate-level measures of active ageing. Results show large differences in the distribution of individual-level active ageing across the 13 European countries covered and across age groups. Furthermore, there is a positive association between the country-level active ageing index and the equality of its distribution within a country. Hence, countries with the lowest average active ageing index tend to have the most unequal distribution in active-ageing experiences. For nine European countries, where temporal data are also available, we find that inequality in active-ageing outcomes decreased in the period 2004 to 2013.

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Social Capital and Self-Perceived Health in Lone Mothers: A Multilevel Cross-Sectional Study across Europe

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x21994163 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0192513X2199416

Author(s):

Sara Trujillo-Alemán ◽

Åsa Tjulin ◽

Glòria Pérez ◽

Emma Hagqvist

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Family Policy ◽

Social Activity ◽

Perceived Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Policy Model ◽

Individual Level ◽

Country Level ◽

Lone Mothers

This study aimed to explore the distribution of social capital and its relation to self-perceived health in lone mothers across Europe. Data were drawn from the European Social Survey Round 5. The sample was restricted to women (15–64 years), not cohabiting with a partner, and with children (≤ 18 years) living in the household. Social capital was measured using variables, representing both structural (political engagement, social support, and social activity) and cognitive (generalized trust, institutionalized trust, reciprocity, and a feeling of safety) components. Individual-level measurements: age, educational attainment, employment status, income level, and household economy. Country-level measurements: family policy model and collective social capital. A multilevel analysis was conducted. The results revealed cross-country variance in the level of lone mothers’ social capital. After adjustment for individual-level and country-level measurements, only reciprocity and a feeling of safety were related to good self-perceived health among lone mothers in Europe.

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COVID-19 Vaccination: Concerns About Its Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.647294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Inayat Ali ◽

Shahbaz Ali ◽

Sehar Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Current Literature ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

The Body ◽

Vaccine Hesitancy ◽

Individual Level ◽

Country Level ◽

The World ◽

The Face ◽

Media Reports ◽

Current Risk

By the mid of June 2021, after an almost 1.5-year-long COVID-19 pandemic that has significantly affected the world in multiple ways, various vaccines against COVID-19 have arrived and started worldwide. Yet, economic, (geo)political, and socio-cultural factors may influence its uptake at individual and country levels. Several issues will (and already have been reported in media) revolve around this vaccination regarding its accessibility, affordability, and acceptability at an individual level and a country level. Given that in this commentary, we provoke a discussion: Who—a country as well as the individuals—would have access to it, and who would economically afford it, and who would accept it? Centering these intriguing questions, we revisit the body of literature that explicates vaccine hesitancy, refusal, and resistance, and we also draw on the current literature and media reports about vaccination against COVID-19. We suggest that these backdrops need essential attention so that everyone can afford, accept, and have access to it. Otherwise, the current risk in the face of a year-old pandemic will continue.

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Trust predicts COVID-19 prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions in 23 countries

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248334 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0248334

Author(s):

Stefano Pagliaro ◽

Simona Sacchi ◽

Maria Giuseppina Pacilli ◽

Marco Brambilla ◽

Francesca Lionetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Intentions ◽

Well Being ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Individual Level ◽

Moral Principles ◽

Country Level ◽

Psychological Differences ◽

Discretionary Behaviors ◽

Health Experts ◽

Do So

The worldwide spread of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) since December 2019 has posed a severe threat to individuals’ well-being. While the world at large is waiting that the released vaccines immunize most citizens, public health experts suggest that, in the meantime, it is only through behavior change that the spread of COVID-19 can be controlled. Importantly, the required behaviors are aimed not only at safeguarding one’s own health. Instead, individuals are asked to adapt their behaviors to protect the community at large. This raises the question of which social concerns and moral principles make people willing to do so. We considered in 23 countries (N = 6948) individuals’ willingness to engage in prescribed and discretionary behaviors, as well as country-level and individual-level factors that might drive such behavioral intentions. Results from multilevel multiple regressions, with country as the nesting variable, showed that publicized number of infections were not significantly related to individual intentions to comply with the prescribed measures and intentions to engage in discretionary prosocial behaviors. Instead, psychological differences in terms of trust in government, citizens, and in particular toward science predicted individuals’ behavioral intentions across countries. The more people endorsed moral principles of fairness and care (vs. loyalty and authority), the more they were inclined to report trust in science, which, in turn, statistically predicted prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions. Results have implications for the type of intervention and public communication strategies that should be most effective to induce the behavioral changes that are needed to control the COVID-19 outbreak.

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Associations between early childhood caries, malnutrition and anemia: a global perspective

10.21203/rs.2.16567/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Morenike Folayan ◽

Maha El Tantawi ◽

Robert J Schroth ◽

Ana Vukovic ◽

Authur Kemoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Early Childhood Caries ◽

Linear Models ◽

National Income ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Country Level ◽

Eta Squared ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship ◽

Childhood Caries

Abstract Background: Malnutrition is the main risk factor for most common communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between country-level prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC), malnutrition and anemia in infants and preschool children. Methods: Matched country-level ECC, malnutrition and anemia prevalence were generated from databases covering the period 2000 to 2017. Multivariate general linear models were developed to assess the relationship between outcome variables (prevalence of stunting, wasting, overweight, and anemia) and the explanatory variable (ECC prevalence) adjusted for gross national income per capita. Adjusted regression coefficients (B) and partial eta squared were computed. Results: The mean (standard deviation (SD)) ECC prevalence was 23.8 (14.8)% for 0-2 year-olds and 57.3 (22.4)% for 3-5-year-olds. The mean (SD) prevalence of wasting was 6.3 (4.8)%, overweight 7.2 (4.9)%, stunting 24.3 (13.5)%, and anemia 37.8 (18.1)%. For 0-2-year-olds, the strongest and only significant association was between the prevalence of ECC and overweight (η2= 0.21): one percent higher ECC prevalence was associated with 0.12% higher prevalence of overweight (B= 0.12, P= 0.03). In 3-5-year-olds, the strongest and only significant association was between the prevalence of ECC and anemia (η2= 0.08): one percent higher prevalence of ECC was associated with 0.14% lower prevalence of anemia (B= -0.14, P= 0.048). Conclusion: Country-level prevalence of ECC was associated with malnutrition in 0-2-year-olds and with anemia in 3-5-year-olds. The pathway for the direct relationship between ECC and overweight may be diet related. The pathway for the inverse relationship between ECC and anemia is less clear and needs further investigations.

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