The influence of lower temperature induction of Valsa mali on the infection of apple trees

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglong Meng ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
An-Tai Liu ◽  
Tongle Hu ◽  
Yanan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Valsa Canker ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Valsa Mali

Apple valsa canker (AVC), caused by Valsa mali (Vm), is one of the most important diseases of apple trees in China. AVC occurred severely along with cold winter or cold spring. However, the effect of lower temperature on Vm is poorly understood. This study evaluated the influence of lower temperature pre-treatment of Vm on the infection of apple twigs and leaves. The results showed that exposing of Vm at lower temperature (between -10°C and 10°C) for more than 18 h significantly increased the disease severity of apple leaves and twigs, with a higher LAR, lesion length and DI than that at 25°C. In addition, cold treatment ranging from -5°C to 10°C promoted the colony growth. Meanwhile, the relative expression of four cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) related genes pre-treated at -5°C and 5°C were significantly higher than that at 25°C. The results indicated that the virulence of Vm mycelium is sensitivity for lower temperature change. After sensing lower temperature changes, Vm can adjust its infection of apple trees by regulating the expression of pathogenicity gene and growth rate. Spring is the season with very frequent temperature changes, and Vm is highly invasive in this season. Therefore, more attention should be paid in spring to protecting apple trees from infection by Vm, such as reduction of pruning wounds formation in spring, and application of protective agents to the pruning wounds in time.

scholarly journals Latent Infection of Valsa mali in the Seeds, Seedlings and Twigs of Crabapple and Apple Trees is a Potential Inoculum Source of Valsa Canker

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-long Meng ◽  
Xing-hua Qi ◽  
Ze-yuan Han ◽  
Yong-bin Guo ◽  
Ya-nan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Infection ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Valsa Canker ◽  
Valsa Mali

A Study of Absorption Properties Improvement of Cotton Blended Fabric

2013 ◽  
Vol 559 ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Borisova ◽  
Skaidrīte Reihmane
Keyword(s):  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Colour Measurements ◽  
Vertical Wicking ◽  
Finishing Process ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Twill Weave

Successful results of textile materials finishing process in order to gain desired properties to the fabric according to customers’ demands mainly depend on properly-carried pre-treatment stages. The present study covers twill weave cotton/polyester fabric’s modification in alkaline medium at different temperatures and treatment durations through exhaustion (hot and cold treatment) and pad-steam process. An influence of the reduction agent addition was ascertained. Weight loss, water absorbency, vertical wicking, dye uptake, colour measurements, surface morphology and psysicomechanical characteristics were determined. Samples and recommendations of optimal alkaline treatment technologies are developed.

scholarly journals Study on Interactions between the Major Apple Valsa Canker Pathogen Valsa mali and Its Biocontrol Agent Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 Using RT-qPCR

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e0162174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongying Fan ◽  
Yanfang Li ◽  
Lingyun Zhao ◽  
Zhengpeng Li ◽  
Lili Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Canker Pathogen ◽  
Valsa Canker ◽  
Apple Valsa Canker ◽  
Valsa Mali

scholarly journals Fusarium oxysporum gas1 Encodes a Putative β-1, 3-Glucanosyltransferase Required for Virulence on Tomato Plants

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1140-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaira Caracuel ◽  
Ana Lilia Martínez-Rocha ◽  
Antonio Di Pietro ◽  
Marta P. Madrid ◽  
M. Isabel G. Roncero
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Ph Response

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (β)-1,3-glucanosyltransferases play active roles in fungal cell wall biosynthesis and morphogenesis and have been implicated in virulence on mammals. The role of β-1,3-glucanosyltransferases in pathogenesis to plants has not been explored so far. Here, we report the cloning and mutational analysis of the gas1 gene encoding a putative β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase from the vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum. In contrast to Candida albicans, expression of gas1 in F. oxysporum was independent of ambient pH and of the pH response transcription factor PacC. Gene knockout mutants lacking a functional gas1 allele grew in a way similar to the wild-type strain in submerged culture but exhibited restricted colony growth on solid substrates. The restricted growth phenotype was relieved by the osmotic stabilizer sorbitol, indicating that it may be related to structural alterations in the cell wall. Consistent with this hypothesis, Δgas1 mutants exhibited enhanced resistance to cell wall-degrading enzymes and increased transcript levels of chsV and rho1, encoding a class V chitin synthase and a small monomeric G protein, respectively. The Δgas1 mutants showed dramatically reduced virulence on tomato, both in a root infection assay and in a fruit tissue-invasion model, thus providing the first evidence for an essential role of fungal β-1,3-glucanosyltransferases during plant infection.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Androgenic Response of Two Nematode Resistant Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 2103
Author(s):  
Flavien Shimira ◽  
Davut Keleş ◽  
Hatıra Taşkın ◽  
Kazım Abak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Anther Culture ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Culinary Traditions

Pepper is one of the most cultivated vegetables worldwide and also consumed substantially as a flavouring ingredient in different culinary traditions. Therefore, many researchers have focused on its breeding to develop new varieties. One of plant breeding aims is to attain disease and pest resistance. The use of tissue culture methods in plant breeding has many advantages. The response of two nematode resistant pepper genotypes to the anther culture and the effect of cold pre-treatment to the floral buds have been investigated in this study. Alata 2095 and Alata 2096 both specified as resistant to the nematode by Alata Horticultural Research Institute (Alata, Mersin, Turkey) were used as plant material. Two pre-treatments were used in this study: cold and no cold. In cold treatment, flower buds were kept in fridge at 4°C for 24 hours prior to the anther culture. Murashige and Skoog medium contained 0.25% activated charcoal, 6.5 g L-1 agar, 0.5 mg L-1 6-benzyl-amino-purine (BAP), 4 mg L-1 naphthalene-acetic-acid (NAA), 15 mg L-1 silver nitrate (AgNO3), and 30 g L-1 sucrose was used. After assessment, the highest mean of plant number was 39.08 per 100 anthers for Alata 2095 genotype. It was 46.61 and 31.56 in cold and no cold treatment, respectively. For Alata 2096 genotype, the mean was 1.96 per 100 anthers (1.68 and 2.25 in cold and no cold treatment, respectively). Statistical analyses confirmed that there was significant difference between treatments, genotypes and also significant interaction between those factors. At the end of the study, we can say that Alata 2095 genotype has a good androgenic response and it can be beneficial in further pepper breeding studies.

scholarly journals Predicting the Potential Distribution of Apple Canker Pathogen (Valsa mali) in China under Climate Change

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1126
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Hongyun Sun ◽  
Jingwei Jin ◽  
Jimin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Entropy Model ◽  
Topographic Factors ◽  
Valsa Canker ◽  
Valsa Mali

Apple valsa canker (AVC), caused by Valsa mali, is a serious wood disease of apple trees. The pathogen decays the barks and branches of trees and ruins entire orchards under severe conditions. However, studies have rarely focused on the suitable habitat of the pathogen, especially on a relatively large scale. In this study, we applied the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt 3.4.1, Princeton, NJ, USA) to predict the distribution of V. mali using climate factors, topographic factors, and soil factors under current and future climate scenarios. We measured the area of suitable habitat, change ratio of the suitable habitat area, increase and decrease maps under climate change, direction and distance of range shifts from the present to the end of the 21st century, and the contribution of environmental variables. The results showed that the area of suitable habitat is currently 183.46 × 104 km2 in China, among which 27.54% is moderately suitable habitat (MSH) and 13.13% is highly suitable habitat (HSH). Compared with current distribution, the area of MSH and HSH increases in future and the change ratio are positive. The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) 3–70 is considered the optimum climate scenario for V. mali. The suitability of V. mali increased mainly in Northwest, North, and Northeast China. V. mali will shift to the northwest with climate change. The shift distance optimistically increased from the SSP1–26 to the SSP5–85, with the biggest shift distance of 758.44 km in the 2090s under the SSP5–85 scenario. Minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6) was the most critical climate factor affecting the distribution of the pathogen, and topographic factors played a more important role than soil factors. This study demonstrates that the potential distribution of V. mali is vitally affected by climate change and provides a method for large–scale research on the distribution of pathogens.

Dopamine enhances the resistance of apple to Valsa mali infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Liu ◽  
Xiao Yuan ◽  
Zhijun Zhang ◽  
Yanpeng Wang ◽  
Fengwang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Tyrosine Decarboxylase ◽  
Dopamine Content ◽  
Valsa Canker ◽  
Apple Valsa Canker ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Valsa Mali

Apple Valsa canker is considered one of the most serious apple diseases. Dopamine is a catecholamine with key physiological functions in plants. Tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC) is not only involved in the synthesis of dopamine in plants but may also play an important role in the resistance of plants to pathogen infection. In this study, we show that 100 μM exogenous dopamine application and MdTYDC (Malus domestica TYDC) overexpression (OE) enhances the resistance of apple to V. mali (Valsa mali) infection, likely because the increased dopamine content reduces the accumulation of H2O2 and increases the accumulation of phenolic compounds and salicylic acid (SA) in dopamine-treated and OE apple plants. The activity of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase and the expression of SA-related genes were induced more strongly by V. mali in dopamine-treated and OE apples. The dopamine content was significantly higher in dopamine-treated and OE apples than in their respective controls under both normal and inoculated conditions (P < 0.05). Overall, these findings indicate that the application of exogenous dopamine and the overexpression of MdTYDC may enhance the resistance of apples to V. mali infection by altering the dopamine content, which improves antioxidant capacity, promotes the accumulation of phenolic compounds and SA, and enhances the activity of disease resistance-related proteins.

scholarly journals Temperature Rise in Kirschner Wires Inserted Using Two Drilling Methods: Forward and Oscillation

Hand ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Richard Anderson ◽  
Serkan Inceoglu ◽  
Montri D. Wongworawat
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Orthopedic Surgery ◽  
Kirschner Wires ◽  
Thermal Necrosis ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Mode Oscillation ◽  
K Wires ◽  
Lower Temperature

Background: Kirschner wires (K-wires) are commonly used in orthopedic surgery. However, the loosening of the pins can lead to delayed or improper healing or infection. Wire loosening can occur by thermal necrosis that occurs due to heat produced during wire insertion. Although the parameters that affect temperature rise in cortical bone during wire insertion and drilling have been studied, the effect of drilling mode (oscillation versus forward) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the temperature changes occurring in cortical bone during wire insertions by oscillating and forward drills. Our hypothesis is that oscillation drilling would produce less heat compared with forward drilling in K-wire insertion with 2 commonly used wire diameters. Methods: We drilled K-wires in a pig metacarpal model and measured the temperature rise between forward and oscillation drilling modes using diamond-tipped 0.062- and 0.045-inch-diameter K-wires. There were 20 holes drilled for each group (n = 20). Results: The average temperature rise using the 0.062-inch K-wire under forward and oscillation insertion was 14.0 ± 5.5°C and 8.8 ± 2.6°C, respectively. For the 0.045-inch K-wire, under forward and oscillation insertion, the average temperature rise was 11.4 ± 2.6°C and 7.1 ± 1.9°C, respectively. The effects of the drilling mode and wire diameter on temperature rise were significant ( P < .05). Conclusions: In conclusion, the oscillation of K-wires during insertion causes a lower temperature rise when compared with forward drilling.

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