scholarly journals Neopestalotiopsis rosae Causing Black Spot on Leaf and Fruit of Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Gao ◽  
Fengyan Zhai ◽  
Yabo Zhang ◽  
Jun Chang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Water Drops

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis K. Koch) is very productive and brings good economic returns for mountain dwellers. In recent years, symptoms were observed on both leaves and fruits of pecan in orchards, Fuyang, Anhui Province, and Jiande, Zhejiang Province. On the leaf, spots, rust-colored, long shuttle to irregular shaped, and 1–3 mm in size, firstly appeared between veins. The color of area around the spot gradually changed from green to yellow making a yellow halo. Then, some spots often merged in to a big lesion. On the fruit, symptoms firstly appear as irregular and black spots. The spots gradually spread to most part of the fruit and the core of the fruit turned black at the late stage of pathogenesis. Normally, the leaf infection rate was less than 10%, whereas infection rate of fruit could reach 5–15% which leads to drastic quality reduction and significant yield losses. To isolate the pathogens, fresh infected tissues were cut from samples, disinfected and cultured at 2% water agar at 28 oC till colony could be spotted. Fungal isolates were obtained by mycelia tip transferring. Similar cultural and morphological characters showed on 39 of the total 45 isolates. The mycelia grew rapidly in PDA plates, and colony diameter could reach 8.0 cm after culture at 25 oC in dark for 5 days. Mycelia on surface of the colony were cotton-like and showed obvious growth rings, and turn yellow from the middle on aged cultures. Pycnidia, brown to dark in color, began to form on PDA after 15 days’ culture in the dark. Conidia were fusoid, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, 23.5–26.3×7.6–9.0μm, average 24.9×8.3μm (n=60) in size. The basal cell was hyaline, conic with a truncate base and thin-walled, average 4.4–5.1μm long (n=60). The three median cells were doliiform and brown with darker septa. The apical cell was hyaline, cylindrical, with 2–3 tubular apical appendages arising from the apical crest, unbranched, filiform, average 21.7–29.2 μm(n=60) long. The cultural and morphological characters of the strains matched the previous descriptions of Neopestalotiopsis sp. (Maharachchikumbura et al., 2014). Their 3 partial genes, ITS, β-tubulin (TUB) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α), were amplified and sequenced with primers (Lee et al., 2006; Maharachchikumbura et al., 2014). These sequences were submitted in GenBank with accession number of MW504791 (ITS), MW633956 (TEF1-α), and MW633958 (TUB2), seperately. The BLAST results against the GenBank database showed more than 99% identity with sequences claimed from Neopestalotiopsis sp. The multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the three genes showed the isolate was closest with N. rosae. The strains were finally identified as N. rosae by morphological and molecular analysis. Pathogenicity testing was performed by spreading 20μl conidia suspension drop (1 × 106 conidia ml-1) on surface of wounded or unwounded leaves and fruits. The pecan variety MaHan was used for inoculation. Wounds were made by scratching with sterile needles, and then a drop of 20μl conidia suspension was spread on the wounded area. For unwounded inoculation, a drop of 20μl conidia suspension was spread without wound procedure. The same amount of water drops were spread on the surface of wounded and unwounded tissues as controls. The plant parts were wrapped with PE films to keep moisture after drop spreading. Ten trees were selected for inoculation, and 10 leaves and fruits were randomly selected separately for wounded and unwounded inoculation and corresponding controls in each tree. The similar symptoms appeared from 3 dpi on leaves and 9 dpi on fruits, and finally showed on more than 90% wounded inoculated leaves or fruits and on less than 50% after unwounded inoculation, while controls remained symptomless. N. rosae was consistently re-isolated from inoculated parts with symptoms, while not from the control. Therefore, N. rosae was confirmed as the pathogen causing black spot on leaf and fruit of pecan (C. illinoinensis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of N. rosae causing black spot disease of pecan (C. illinoinensis). In recent years, both the infection area and severity of this disease grow rapidly, which means the potential of the disease to become a big problem in local orchards.

scholarly journals First Report of Alternaria japonica, a causal agent of black spot, on kale in South Carolina, United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Sean M Toporek ◽  
Virginia DuBose ◽  
Sierra H. Zardus ◽  
Justin B. Ballew
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Spots

In January 2020, charcoal gray, dull lesions were observed on leaves of organic kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) cv. Darkibor in two fields in Lexington County, South Carolina, the county with the most acres of leafy brassicas in the state. Leaf spots, also visible on the leaf underside, covered <5% of the leaf area. No spores were present. Portions of leaf spots from eight leaves, four per field, were cultured on one-quarter-strength potato dextrose agar (PDA/4). Eleven isolates of Alternaria spp. were recovered. Isolates ALT12 and UL3 were cultured in A. solani medium and DNA was extracted (Maiero et al. 1991). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2), and Alternaria major allergen (Alt a 1) genes were amplified with the primer pairs V9G/ITS4, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, RPB2-5F2/FRPB2-7cR, and Alt-for/Alt-rev, respectively, and sequenced (Woudenberg et al. 2014). Sequences for isolates ALT12 and UL3, collected from different leaves in the same field, were identical to each other and to isolate AC97 (ITS accession number: LC440597; tef1: LC482018; rpb2: LC476803; Alt a 1: LC481628) of A. japonica Yoshii (Nishikawa and Nakashima 2020). ITS, tef1, repb2, and Alta a 1 sequences for each isolate were deposited in GenBank under the accessions MW374952, MW389653, MW389655, and MW389657 for ALT12 and MW374951, MW389652, MW389654, and MW389656 for UL3, respectively. Conidia of A. japonica (20 of ALT12, 10 of UL3) produced by 7-day-old cultures on Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar measured 62.1 ± 11.4 x 18.8 ± 2.2 μm (standard deviation). Median numbers of transverse and longitudinal septae were 6 (4 to 8) and 2 (1 to 3), respectively. Conidia formed singly or in chains of two. Cells were constricted around the transverse septae (Nishikawa and Nakashima 2020; Woudenburg et al. 2014). Chlamydospores were present in cultures of ALT12. ALT12 was pathogenic on kale cv. Darkibor and Winterbor inoculated in a greenhouse following procedures of Al-Lami et al. (2019). Four replicate pots with two plants each were used; plants were 6, 9, and 5 weeks old in trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The oldest three leaves of each plant were spray inoculated with a suspension of 5 x 105 conidia/ml; noninoculated control plants were sprayed with water. All plants were kept for 48 h at 100% RH, then moved to a bench in a greenhouse held at 21/16°C day/night temperatures. The second and third oldest leaves were rated 13 days after inoculation. Small gray or black spots developed on inoculated leaves and petioles in all trials, and on one noninoculated leaf in trial one. Disease incidence on inoculated leaves (73.1%) was greater than on noninoculated leaves (0.05%) (P<0.0001). Cultivars did not differ in susceptibility (P=0.12). Portions of lesions on inoculated leaves and portions of noninoculated leaves were cultured onto PDA/4 amended with antibiotics (Keinath 2013). A. japonica was reisolated from 46 of 50 inoculated leaf blades; 22 of 28 inoculated petioles; and 1 of 8, 0 of 8, and 0 of 7 noninoculated leaves in the three trials, respectively. Growers in South Carolina consider black spot, or Alternaria leaf spot, the most important fungal disease on organic kale. The presence of a second causal agent in addition to A. brassicae may increase disease occurrence. A. japonica previously was reported on arugula in California (Tidwell et al. 2014). This is the first report of A. japonica in the eastern United States.

scholarly journals Molecular Phylogenetic Diversity and Biological Characterization of Diaporthe Species Associated with Leaf Spots of Camellia sinensis in Taiwan

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1434
Author(s):  
Hiran A. Ariyawansa ◽  
Ichen Tsai ◽  
Jian-Yuan Wang ◽  
Patchareeya Withee ◽  
Medsaii Tanjira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Camellia sinensis is one of the major crops grown in Taiwan and has been widely cultivated around the island. Tea leaves are prone to various fungal infections, and leaf spot is considered one of the major diseases in Taiwan tea fields. As part of a survey on fungal species causing leaf spots on tea leaves in Taiwan, 19 fungal strains morphologically similar to the genus Diaporthe were collected. ITS (internal transcribed spacer), tef1-α (translation elongation factor 1-α), tub2 (beta-tubulin), and cal (calmodulin) gene regions were used to construct phylogenetic trees and determine the evolutionary relationships among the collected strains. In total, six Diaporthe species, including one new species, Diaporthe hsinchuensis, were identified as linked with leaf spot of C. sinensis in Taiwan based on both phenotypic characters and phylogeny. These species were further characterized in terms of their pathogenicity, temperature, and pH requirements under laboratory conditions. Diaporthe tulliensis, D. passiflorae, and D. perseae were isolated from C. sinensis for the first time. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests revealed that, with wound inoculation, only D. hongkongensis was pathogenic on tea leaves. This investigation delivers the first assessment of Diaporthe taxa related to leaf spots on tea in Taiwan.

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF SOME ANTICANCER PLANTS POLLEN GRAINS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1386-1393
Author(s):  
Jayshree Sandesh Thaware ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Datura Metel ◽  
Scanning Electron

Pollen is appropriately referred by some as Golden dust extremely valuable on account of their tremendous applications in science, industries and public health. No other plant part even though extremely tiny in size is packed with so much information and power. Similar to other plant parts, pollen characters are so varied that the classification system of plants can be built up entirely on the basis of pollen morphology.Palynology is the distinct branch of biology that deals with the dispersed microscopic tiny living and fossil entities including pollen grains, spores, algal and fungal fragments and others. An important aspect of Palynology is the Pollen morphology. The importance of Palynology in taxonomic and phylogenetic consideration of plants is well known. The changes occurring through hybridization and years of cultivation are reflected in pollen morphology. The scope and interest in the study of pollen morphology have widened with the advent of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and with regards to unipalynous taxa particularly the understanding of finer morphology is of fundamental importance. SEM gives a correct understanding of exine surface as the electron photographs of the surface replica of the exine provides the exact picture of the ornamentation pattern. The variation in the pollen morphological characters helps in the classification of plant taxa and their assessment of their phylogenetic relationship. In the present investigation, the pollen morphological studies were carried out of some ethnomedicinal plants like Catharanthus roseus, Allamanda cathartica, Datura metel, Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus and Cleome viscosa pollen grains by Scanning electron microscopy. All that they possess anticancer characteristics in common.

Review of the genus Cobitis in the Middle East, with the description of eight new species (Teleostei: Cobitidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4535 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JÖRG FREYHOF ◽  
ESRA BAYÇELEBİ ◽  
MATTHIAS GEIGER
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
River Drainage

The diversity of Cobitis in the Middle East is reviewed, resulting in the recognition of 30 species, of which eight are described herein as new. Two species, C. amphilekta and C. kellei, seem to be extinct. Hypotheses on species-level diversity derived from distance and Poisson tree process analyses of DNA barcode data are tested against morphometric and morphological characters including colour patterns. For species pairs separated by small K2P distances in COI sequence data we follow a practitioner-oriented diagnostic species concept, in which we recognise species only if differentiated morphologically (including by colour pattern). For all 30 species we provide diagnoses and identification keys. Cobitis afifeae, new species, from the Büyük Menderes River drainage in the Aegean Sea basin, is distinguished by having two laminae circularis in the male, a row of blotches below Z4, a small, roundish or comma-shaped black spot at the upper caudal-fin base, and elevated mental lobes. Cobitis aliyeae, new species, from the lower Seyhan and Ceyhan River drainages, is distinguished by having two laminae circularis in the male, the blotches in Z2 and Z4 anterior to the dorsal-fin origin usually well separated from each other, and the pigmentation in Z1 well distinguished from the pigmentation in Z2. Cobitis anabelae, new species, from the lower Orontes River drainage, is distinguished by having two laminae circularis in the male, the pigmentation in Z2 formed by small, brown spots, always much smaller than blotches in Z3, much smaller than the pupil diameter, Z2 and Z3 well separated, and no pigmentation below Z4. Cobitis erkakanae, new species, from the Gölbasi Lakes, adjacent to the Ceyhan River drainage, is distinguished by having two laminae circularis in the male, no blotches below Z4, the blotches in Z2 and Z4 being horizontally elongated and often fused with adjacent ones, and the caudal fin with 4–6 wide, regularly-shaped, brown bands. Cobitis emrei, new species, from the Lake Sapanca basin is distinguished by having one lamina circularis in the male, a large black spot at the upper caudal-fin base, and Z3 fully covered by very small spots forming a sand-like pattern. Cobitis joergbohleni, new species, from the Sultan marshes in Central Anatolia is distinguished by having two laminae circularis in the male, and the flank colour pattern being completely disorganised, not following the Gambetta zones. Cobitis pirii, new species, from the endorheic Lake Eğirdir basin and the Mediterranean Aksu and Köprü Rivers, is distinguished by having two laminae circularis in the male, a simple external part of the suborbital spine and two distinct rows of small blotches in Z4, one along the lateral midline and one distinctly below. Cobitis troasensis, new species, from the Tuzla River drainage, is distinguished by having one lamina circularis in the male and 25–36 small, comma-shaped brown blotches in Z4. A lectotype is designated for Cobitis battalgilae. As First Revisers, priority is given to Cobitis fahireae over C. kurui. Cobitis damlae and C. kurui are treated as synonyms of C. fahireae. Cobitis strumicae and C. taenia are recorded for the first time from Anatolia and C. saniae is newly documented from the Black Sea basin in Georgia. The Poisson tree process analysis of COI data proposed 31 groups, most of which could be distinguished by morphological characters. Cobitis troasensis is described based on morphological data alone.  

scholarly journals Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti complex from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Wang ◽  
Q. Chen ◽  
Y.Z. Diao ◽  
W.J. Duan ◽  
L. Cai
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ribosomal Gene ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Wide Range

The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) is shown to encompass 33 phylogenetic species, across a wide range of habitats/hosts around the world. Here, 77 pathogenic and endophytic FIESC strains collected from China were studied to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within FIESC, based on a polyphasic approach combining morphological characters, multi-locus phylogeny and distribution patterns. The importance of standardised cultural methods to the identification and classification of taxa in the FIESC is highlighted. Morphological features of macroconidia, including the shape, size and septum number, were considered as diagnostic characters within the FIESC. A multi-locus dataset encompassing the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS), translation elongation factor (EF-1α), calmodulin (CAM), partial RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1) and partial RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), was generated to distinguish species within the FIESC. Nine novel species were identified and described. The RPB2 locus is demonstrated to be a primary barcode with high success rate in amplification, and to have the best species delimitation compared to the other four tested loci.

Morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis reveal a new species of Phellinus with hooked hymenial setae from Vietnam

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 356 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIN ZHU ◽  
XING JI ◽  
JING SI ◽  
BAO-KAI CUI
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Large Subunit Rdna ◽  
Elongation Factor 1 ◽  
A New Species

Phellinus vietnamensis sp. nov. is described from Vietnam based on morphological characters and molecular data. Morphologically, it is characterized by perennial, pileate basidiomata, a dimitic hyphal system, hooked hymenial setae, and colorless, broadly subglobose to ovoid, thick-walled basidiospores 5.5–6 × 4.8–5.2 μm. Phylogenetically, the status of Phellinus vietnamensis is strongly supported based on sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α) nuclear large subunit rDNA (nrLSU) and the second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RPB2).

Phylogenetic reassignment of basal cyclostome braconid parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) with description of a new, enigmatic Afrotropical tribe with a highly anomalous 28S D2 secondary structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 1002-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L J Quicke ◽  
Sergey A Belokobylskij ◽  
Yves Braet ◽  
Cornelis van Achterberg ◽  
Paul D N Hebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Elongation Factor 1 Alpha ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Molecular Dataset ◽  
First Time

Abstract A new tribe of braconid wasps provisionally included in the Rhyssalinae, Laibaleini trib. nov., type genus Laibalea gen. nov. (type species Laibalea enigmatica sp. nov.), from Kenya and the Central African Republic, is described. A molecular dataset, with emphasis on basally derived taxa based on four gene fragments (28S D2–D3 expansion region, COI barcode, elongation factor 1-alpha and 16S ribosomal DNA), was analysed both alone and in combination with a morphological dataset. Molecular phylogenetic placement of the new species into an existing subfamily is complicated by the extreme sequence divergence of the three sequences obtained for Laibalea. In both the combined sequence analysis and the combined DNA plus morphological tree, Laibalea is recovered as a sister group to the Rhyssalinae plus all non-cyclostome lineage braconids excluding Mesostoinae, Maxfischeriinae and Aphidiinae. A consensus of morphological characters and molecular analyses suggests inclusion of Laibalea either in the otherwise principally Holarctic subfamily Rhyssalinae or perhap more basally, in the principally Gondwanan Mesostoinae s.l., although we cannot exclude the possibility that it might represent a separate basal lineage. We place Laibalea in its own tribe, provisionally included in Rhyssalinae. The DNA sequence data are presented for several genera for the first time. Avga, the type genus of Avgini, is shown not to belong to Mesostoinae s.l. or Hormiinae, but its exact relationships remain uncertain. The generic compositions of Rhyssalinae and Mesostoinae s.l. are revised. Anachyra, Apoavga, Neptihormius, Neoavga and Opiopterus are shown to belong to Mesostoinae s.s. A key to the tribes of Rhyssalinae is provided.

A new species of Heimioporus (Boletaceae) from southern China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 415 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
XIANG-NYU CHEN ◽  
MING ZHANG ◽  
TAI-HUI LI ◽  
NIAN-KAI ZENG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
Distinct Member ◽  
Elongation Factor 1 ◽  
A New Species

Heimioporus sinensis, collected from tropical and subtropical areas of China, is introduced as a new species based on both morphological characters and molecular data. The species is characterized by the purplish red to deep magenta pileus, the reticulated stipe, the irregularly reticulate to reticulate-alveolate basidiospores 11.5–13.5 × 8–9.5 μm, and a trichodermal to intricately trichodermal pileipellis. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nuc 28S rDNA D1-D2 domains (28S) and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α) showed that H. sinensis is a distinct member of the genus Heimioporus in the subfamily Xerocomoideae.

The Madagascan genus Dolurgocleptes Schedl (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae): description of a new species and transfer to the tribe Polygraphini

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJARTE H. JORDAL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase I ◽  
Elongation Factor 1Α ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
A New Species

A new species of the Malagasy genus Dolurgocleptes Schedl, 1965 is described and illustrated. This is the second species known for the genus, which is restricted to the montane rainforests of north-eastern Madagascar. Dolurgocleptes is transferred from the tribe Dryocoetini to Polygraphini and placed near Polygraphus Erichson, based on examination of internal and external morphological characters and molecular data from Elongation Factor-1α and Cytochrome Oxidase I.

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