scholarly journals First Report of Burkholderia glumae Causing Bacterial Panicle Blight on Rice in Ecuador

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 988-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Riera-Ruiz ◽  
J. Vargas ◽  
C. Cedeño ◽  
P. Quirola ◽  
M. Escobar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Methyl Violet ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
First Report ◽  
Panicle Blight

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the leading crops and the basis of most diets in Ecuador and other countries. Diseases such as bacterial panicle blight (BPB), also known as seedling rot or grain rot, have the potential to threaten rice production worldwide. Burkholderia glumae, a causal agent of BPB, has severely affected the rice industry in many countries of Africa, Asia, and the Americas (1,2,4), but no report of this bacteria in Ecuador can be found in the literature. Rice plantations showing BPB-like symptoms including upright panicles with stained and vain grains were spotted in Palestina city, one of Ecuador's most extensive rice areas, in July 2013, but similar symptoms have been observed in the region since early 2012. Six symptomatic plants from two different groves were collected. Samples were plated on the semi-selective medium S-PG (KH2PO4 1.3 g, Na2HPO4 1.2 g, (NH4)2SO4 5 g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.25 g, Na2MoO4·2H2O 24 mg, EDTA-Fe 10 mg, L-cystine 10 μg, D-sorbitol 10 g, pheneticillin potassium 50 mg, ampicillin sodium 10 mg, cetrimide 10 mg, methyl violet 1 mg, phenol red 20 mg, agar 15 g/liter distilled water) and axenic colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) to test for fluorescence (3). Colonies of the potential pathogen were 1 mm, circular, entire margin, with a smooth and shiny surface. When cultured in PDA, isolates showed a moist texture, dull yellow color, and displayed fluorescence with exposure to UV light. Cells were bacterial gram-negative rods of 1 to 2 × 0.5 μm. Twelve presumptive isolates were submitted to biochemical tests (API 20NE). The biochemical profile (APIWEB) showed that all the isolates belonged to the Burkholderia genus with a 99.9% similarity. To determine the bacterial species, colonies were submitted to ELISA tests using specific antibodies for B. glumae from Agdia, Inc. The two isolates that were positive for B. glumae were sequenced using a part of the 16s rDNA amplified by the primers 536F: 5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAATAC-3′ and 1492R: 5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′. The obtained sequences (deposited into GenBank as KF601202) shared 100% similarity with several B. glumae strains after a BLAST query. Isolates were then diluted to 108 UFC/ml and used to inoculate healthy rice plants. Inoculated plants produced BPB-like symptoms including upright panicles with stained vain grains and the bacterium was re-isolated from symptomatic plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. glumae in Ecuador. Further research is ongoing to identify and determine the pathogenicity of the remaining Burkholderia strains that tested negative for B. glumae. References: (1) J. Luo et al. Plant Dis. 91:1363, 2007. (2) R. Nandakumar et al. Plant Dis. 93:896, 2009. (3) T. Urakami et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:235, 1994. (4) X.-G. Zhou. Plant Dis. 98:566, 2014.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice Caused by Burkholderia gladioli in Ecuador

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1577-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Riera-Ruiz ◽  
J. Vargas ◽  
J. M. Cevallos-Cevallos ◽  
M. Ratti ◽  
E. L. Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Methyl Violet ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
First Report ◽  
Burkholderia Gladioli ◽  
A Cell ◽  
O 24 ◽  
Panicle Blight

Burkholderia gladioli is one of the causal agents of bacterial panicle blight of rice (BPB). Although B. glumae is considered the main pathogen responsible of BPB, B. gladioli can also cause this disease in rice (3). B. gladioli is also of clinical importance because of the ability of some strains to cause respiratory infections in humans (2). Symptoms in rice plantations of Palestina city, like upright panicles with grayish-straw color, grain rot, and vain grains were observed in July 2013, although similar symptoms were first noticed as early as 2012 in other regions of Ecuador. Since then, similar symptomatology has been reported by farmers in coastal provinces, possibly affecting 75% of the crops. One of the causal agents was recently identified as B. glumae but other bacteria were observed in infected rice (1). Plants showing BPB symptoms were collected from Palestina and bacteria were isolated from panicle twigs using the semi selective SPG agar (KH2PO4 1.3 g, Na2HPO4 1.2 g, (NH4)2SO4 5 g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.25 g, Na2MoO4·2H2O 24 mg, EDTA-Fe 10 mg, L-cystine 10 μg, D-sorbitol 10 g, pheneticillin potassium 50 mg, ampicillin sodium 10 mg, cetrimide 10 mg, methyl violet 1 mg, phenol red 20 mg, agar 15 g/liter distilled water). Colonies were then transferred to PDA. Presumptive B. gladioli colonies were classified into two groups according to their color on PDA. Colonies from group one (six strains) were dull yellow, whereas those from group two (two strains) were olive colored. Both groups produced fluorescent colonies with smooth, shiny surfaces on PDA. All cells were gram-negative rods with the following dimensions: 0.8 to 2.0 × 0.4 to 0.6 μm (group one) or 1.5 to 2.5 × 0.4 to 0.7 μm (group two). All colonies were subjected to biochemical tests (API 20NE) and shared a 99% or higher similarity (APIWEB) with B. gladioli. To confirm identity, genomic DNA was extracted (gDNA extraction kit from Invitrogen) and a portion of the 16s rDNA was amplified by PCR using the primers 536F: 5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAATAC-3′ and 1492R: 5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′ followed by sequencing. Sequences of group one strains shared 100% similarity with B. gladioli strain OM1 (GenBank Accession No. EU678361) while the sequences from group two strains were 100% similar to B. gladioli strain BgHL-01 (JX566503). Sequences of the Ecuadorian strains were deposited into NCBI GenBank (group one: KF669879 to KF669882, KF669884, and KF669885; group two: KF669883 and KF669886). Pathogenicity was confirmed by submerging rice seeds in a cell suspension with 108 CFU of the pathogen for 24 h. Seeds were germinated at 28°C and about 70% RH on autoclaved peat. Inoculated seeds yielded plants with BPB symptoms 6 days after planting. Re-isolated strains shared a 99.9% similarity with B. gladioli by APIWEB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. gladioli as a rice pathogen in Ecuador. References: (1) C. Riera-Ruiz et al. Plant Dis. 98:988, 2014. (2) C. Segonds et al. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:1510, 2009. (3) H. Ura et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 72:98, 2006.

scholarly journals DETEKSI FENOTIPIK Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) PADA SAMPEL MAKANAN DI SIDOARJO

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Yulianto Ade Prasetya
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphyloccocus Aureus ◽  
Fried Foods

Methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus (MRSA) is an isolate that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin and beta lactam group. The incidence of MRSA associated with nosocomial infections in various parts of the world is very high, but research on its spread in community infections is rarely reported. This study aims to detect the presence of phenotypic MRSA in food samples in Sidoarjo. The food samples (cilok, fried foods and tempura) collected were then weighed, diluted, and cultured in a selective medium and differential namely Manitol Salt agar. The yellow-colored colonies were then continued with microscopic testing and biochemical tests to distinguish between Staphylococcus species. Thirty eight collected Staphyloccus aureus isolates were then screened using Oxacillin 1 µg and there were eight (8) isolates that were positive for MRSA according to the criteria of the Clinical Laboratory Standart Institutre (CLSI). Eight of the isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity with the Kirby-Bauer method with Chloramphenicol 30 µg and Cotrimoxazole 25 µg. Eight MRSA (21%) isolates were resistant to Chloramphenicol and only four isolates were resistant to Cotrimoxazole. The presence of MRSA isolates in community infections needs to be watched out for considering these genes can be transmitted and spread between bacterial species

scholarly journals Deteksi Molekuler Burkholderia glumae, Penyebab Penyakit Hawar Malai Padi

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Methy Handiyanti ◽  
Siti Subandiyah ◽  
Tri Joko
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Disease Area ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Spreading Potential ◽  
Panicle Blight

The presence of bacterial panicle blight disease caused by Burkholderia glumae have been reported to infect rice plants in Indonesia. There have been no reports of yield losses due to B. glumae infection, but this pathogen is seed-borne so that it can increase the spreading potential to other areas. This study aims to determine the spread of the disease area of bacterial panicle blight in Java and to detect B. glumae based on ITS region of 16-23S rDNA. Methods for this research include surveys and random sampling of rice seeds directly from farmers and the Food Crop and Horticulture Center, Agriculture Office of Yogyakarta. The bacteria were isolated using S-PG selective medium, then DNA extraction was performed and amplified using a pair of primers BGF 5’-ACACGGAACACCTGGGTA-3’ and BGR 5’-TCGCTCTCC CGAAGAGAT-3’. 101 isolates were obtained from 21 seed samples consisting of 11 rice varieties from nine regions in Java that has different morphological characteristics. The eight isolates were detected as B. glumae by using ITS primers, i.e., isolates ChgCM.4, IRP.3, IRP.6b, InSB.1a, InSB.2a, InSB.3a, InSB.5a, and InSB.6a. The eight isolates were isolated from seed samples of Cirebon, Purworejo and Banyuwangi. This study shows that bacterial panicle blight disease has found in several rice varieties and locations in Java, and the ITS primer can be used for early detection of B. glumae in rice seed samples. IntisariPenyakit hawar malai yang disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen Burkholderia glumae mulai banyak dilaporkan menginfeksi tanaman padi di Indonesia. Belum ada laporan mengenai kerugian akibat infeksi B. glumae di Indonesia, namun sifatnya yang tular benih dapat meningkatkan potensi menyebar ke wilayah lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui wilayah sebar penyakit hawar malai di Jawa dan mendeteksi secara molekuler berdasarkan urutan basa gen 16-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Metode yang dilakukan meliputi survei dan pengambilan sampel biji padi secara acak langsung dari petani dan UPT Balai Pengembangan Perbenihan Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura, Dinas Pertanian Yogyakarta. Sampel biji padi diisolasi menggunakan media selektif S-PG, kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi DNA, dan diamplifikasi menggunakan primer BGF 5’-ACACGGAACACCTGGGTA-3’ dan BGR 5’-TCGCTCTCC CGAAGAGAT-3’. Hasil survei di lapangan diperoleh 21 sampel biji yang terdiri dari 11 varietas padi dari sembilan wilayah di Jawa. Hasil isolasi diperoleh 101 isolat dan masing-masing isolat tersebut memiliki karakteristik morfologi yang berbeda. Delapan isolat dari total isolat yang diuji terdeteksi B. glumae menggunakan primer ITS, yaitu isolat ChgCM.4, IRP.3, IRP.6b, InSB.1a, InSB.2a, InSB.3a, InSB.5a, dan InSB.6a. Kedelapan isolat tersebut merupakan hasil isolasi sampel biji dari wilayah Cirebon, Purworejo, dan Banyuwangi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyakit hawar malai bakteri sudah terdeteksi pada varietas padi di beberapa lokasi wilayah Jawa, dan penggunaan primer ITS dapat digunakan untuk deteksi dini B. glumae pada sampel biji padi secara molekuler.

scholarly journals An Overview of Rice QTLs Associated with Disease Resistance to Three Major Rice Diseases: Blast, Sheath Blight, and Bacterial Panicle Blight

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Soheila Zarbafi ◽  
Jong Hyun Ham
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Panicle Blight

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops that are produced as human food, directly feeding people more than any other crop. Hence, it is important to increase the yield potential of rice through improving the disease resistance to prevailing rice diseases. Blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, sheath blight caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, and bacterial panicle blight caused by the bacteria Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli are serious rice diseases in many rice-producing regions. In spite of the chronic damages from these major diseases, the quantitative resistance to each of them is not known very well and any available disease-resistant varieties are rare or not stable. Although gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by an R-Avr interaction has been intensively studied for blast, quantitative (or horizontal) resistance to a broad spectrum of races in M. oryzae is still poorly understood. Identification of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to these diseases and using marker technology can facilitate marker-assisted selection to screen resistant traits in individual resources, which could ultimately lead to the development of novel disease-resistant rice varieties. This article is a summary of identified QTLs that are associated with rice diseases, including blast, sheath blight, and bacterial panicle blight that can be used in breeding programs.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice Caused by Burkholderia glumae in Southern China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1252-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hou ◽  
Y. Xu ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
L. Yu ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
First Report ◽  
Panicle Blight

scholarly journals First Report of Burkholderia glumae Isolated from Symptomless Rice Seeds in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1363-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Luo ◽  
G. Xie ◽  
B. Li ◽  
X. Lihui
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
First Report ◽  
Microbial Identification ◽  
Seedling Rot ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Rice Seeds

Burkholderia glumae causes grain rot and seedling rot of rice (Oryza sativa L.). It is seedborne and has caused severe damage in Japan (1). Since 1997, efforts have been made to detect the pathogen in rice seeds in China (2), where no typical symptoms have been observed in the rice paddy fields. Isolation from 623 symptomless rice seed samples yielded two samples, originally produced in Hainan province, with possible B. glumae (0.32%). Six bacterial strains isolated from these two samples showed characteristics similar to those of the standard reference strain of B. glumae, LMG 1837T from Belgium, in phenotypic tests including the Biolog identification system (version 4.2; Hayward, CA), pathogenicity tests, and gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using the Microbial identification System (MIDI Company, Newark, DE) with aerobic bacterial library (TABA50). All strains were gram-negative aerobic rods, 1.5 to 2.5 μm × 0.5 to 0.7μm, and had 1 to 7 polar flagella. No green fluorescent diffusible pigment was produced on King's medium B. Colonies were gray-white, slightly raised with smooth margins, and appeared within 3 days on nutrient agar. A hypersensitive reaction was observed on tobacco cv. Benshi 24 h after inoculation. All isolates were identified as B. glumae with Biolog similarity of 0.68 to 0.87 and FAMEs similarity of 0.65 to 0.91. Identification as B. glumae was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (3) primers BG1: 5′-ACACGGAACACCTGGGTA-3′; and BG2: 5′-TCGCTCTCCCGAAGAGAT-3′. Inoculation of intact plants of cv. Jiayue with cell suspensions containing 108 CFU/ml of the six strains individually produced seedling rot and grain rot symptoms. The bacterium was reisolated from symptomatic rice plants. B. glumae was first reported from Japan as the cause of grain rot of rice in 1967 (1) and was isolated from symptomatic rice seeds in 1987 in Taiwan, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. glumae being isolated from healthy-looking rice seeds in China. This indicates that the pathogen is already in the mainland of China and there is a risk of a seedling rot outbreak if rice seedlings are raised indoors on a large scale for transplantation as it is in Japan. References: (1) T. Kurita and H. Tabei. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 33:111,1967. (2) G. L. Xie et al. Acta Phytopathol. Sin. 32:114, 2002. (3) M. Yukiko et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56:1031, 2006.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice Caused by Burkholderia glumae in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
First Report ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Panicle Blight

In April 2013, upright, straw-colored panicles were observed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields with center pivot sprinkler irrigation at Ukulima farm in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Affected panicles contained florets that initially exhibited discoloration ranging from light green to light brown on the basal portion of the glumes and later developed a reddish-brown margin separating this area from the rest of the glume that became straw-colored. The stems of infected florets remained green. Affected grains were partially filled or aborted, causing panicles to remain upright. These symptoms appeared on approximately 25% of the rice plants of the varieties Presidio and WAB56-104. A gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated consistently from symptomatic panicles. These strains produced circular, smooth-margined, convex colonies on King's B medium (KB) with a yellowish-green, diffusible non-fluorescent pigment. Four strains, two from each of the two varieties, were selected for physiological, molecular, and pathogenicity assays. These strains grew on nutrient-broth yeast (NBY) agar at 40°C and in NBY amended with 3% NaCl. They utilized acetate, adonitol, and citrate, and were positive for gelatin hydrolysis, but negative for oxidase and arginine dihydrolase. These morphological and physiological data indicate that the characteristics of these strains were similar to those of Burkholderia glumae. The strains were further verified using B. glumae-specific PCR method (2). In a greenhouse, 12 panicles each of Presidio and WAB56-104 were spray-inoculated at the flowering stage with a bacterial suspension (108 CFU/ml) of each strain generated from cultures grown on KB at 30°C for 24 h. Twelve panicles of each variety treated in the same way with sterile water served as controls. After inoculation, treated panicles were covered with transparent polyethylene bags and maintained in the greenhouse with temperatures ranging from 24 to 35°C. After 2 days, the polyethylene bags were removed. Symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed on all the panicles inoculated with each strain by 10 days of inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the control panicles. Bacteria with the same morphological and cultural characteristics of B. glumae were consistently re-isolated from diseased panicles. All eight randomly selected, re-isolated strains were confirmed to be B. glumae based on the B. glumae-specific PCR and physiological assays described above. This pathogenicity experiment was repeated once with similar results. This is the first report of bacterial panicle blight of rice caused by B. glumae in South Africa. Overhead sprinkler irrigation appeared to promote the development and spread of the disease. Since the bacterium is seedborne (3) and there are no acceptable levels of resistance available in commercial varieties, bacterial panicle blight poses a threat to rice production. This bacterium was first described in Japan as the causing agent of grain rot and seedling rot on rice grown under flood irrigation conditions (1). Bacterial panicle blight caused by B. glumae has since been reported in China, Korea, Latin America, the Philippines, and the United States (2). References: (1) K. Goto and K. Ohata. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 21:46, 1956. (2) R. Nandakumar et al. Plant Dis. 93:896, 2009. (3) R. J. Sayler et al. Plant Dis. 90:603, 2006.

An improved selective and diagnostic medium for the isolation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus in foods

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 753-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Holbrook ◽  
Judith M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Staining Procedure ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Biochemical Tests

The use and performance of an improved diagnostic and selective medium, PEMBA (polymyxin pyruvate egg yolk mannitol bromothymol blue agar), for the detection of Bacillus cereus in foods is described. The distinct colonial appearance of B. cereus on PEMBA permitted the recognition of both strains: those that do precipitate egg yolk and those that do not react with egg yolk. A staining procedure, used to demonstrate microscopically both the presence of lipid globules in vegetative cells and spore morphology of isolates, proved a rapid and reliable confirmatory test which gave complete agreement with a battery of biochemical tests used for this purpose. The quantitative recovery of B. cereus on PEMBA from 143 food samples was not significantly different from counts on KG (Kim and Goepfert), MYP (mannitol egg yolk phenol red), and McClung's media, and the selectivity of PEMBA was generally superior.

Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages infecting Burkholderia glumae, the major causal agent of bacterial panicle blight in rice

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nootjarin Jungkhun ◽  
Antonio R. G. Farias ◽  
Inderjit Barphagha ◽  
Sujin - Patarapuwadol ◽  
Jong Hyun Ham
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Panicle Blight

Bacterial panicle blight (BPB) caused by Burkholderia glumae is one of the most severe seed-borne bacterial diseases of rice in the world, which can decrease rice production by up to 75%. Nevertheless, there are few effective measures to manage this disease. In an attempt to develop an alternative management tool for BPB, we isolated and characterized phages from soil and water that are effective to lyse several strains of B. glumae. After tests of host ranges, the phages NBP1-1, NBP4-7 and NBP4-8 were selected for further comprehensive characterization, all of which could lyse B. glumae BGLa14-8 (phage sensitive) but not B. glumae 336gr-1 (phage insensitive). This result indicates that the phages killing B. glumae cells have specific host ranges at the strain level within the bacterial species. In the greenhouse condition of this study, foliar application of the phage NBP4-7 could reduce the severity of BPB caused by B. glumae BGLa14-8 up to 62%, but did not cause any significant effect on the infection by B. glumae 336gr-1. Electron microscopy and whole-genome sequencing were also performed to characterize the three selected phages. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the selected phages belong to the family Myoviridae. Furthermore, whole genome sequence analysis indicated that the three phages belong to a same species and are closely related to the Burkholderia phage KL3, a member of the Myoviridae family.

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