Spray Volume and Rate Based on the Tree Row Volume for a Sustainable Use of Copper in the Control of Citrus Canker

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Franklin Behlau ◽  
Fabrício E. Lanza ◽  
Marcelo da Silva Scapin ◽  
Luis Henrique Mariano Scandelai ◽  
Geraldo José Silva Junior
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Minimum Threshold ◽  
Diseased Fruit ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Spray Volume

Copper is the most efficient pesticide for the control of citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri). To mitigate the environmental impacts and costs, the copper sprays in citrus orchards are being optimized based on the tree row volume (TRV). A previous investigation allowed for significant reductions of the spray volume and copper rates. Nevertheless, the results also indicated the need for additional studies. The aim of this work was to assess whether both the spray volume and the metallic copper rate based on the TRV may be further reduced. A field trial was carried out during two seasons in a 3-year-old commercial orchard of Pera sweet orange located in the municipality of Paranavaí, Paraná, Brazil. The volumes of 20 and 40 ml of spray mixture per m3 of the tree canopy were assessed in combination with the metallic copper rates of 10.5, 21.0, 36.8, or 52.5 mg/m3. Disease was measured as the temporal progress of canker incidence on leaves, cumulative dropped fruit with canker, and incidence of diseased fruit at harvest. The quality of sprays was assessed by measuring the copper deposition and leaf coverage. The treatment with the highest citrus canker control for the lowest use of water and copper was the combination of 40 ml and 36.8 mg/m3. Regression analyses indicated that the minimum threshold deposition of copper was ∼1.5 µg Cu2+/cm2 leaf area. In addition, the lowest spray volume and copper rate necessary to achieve this deposition are 35 ml/m3 and 30 mg/m3. The use of 20 ml/m3 did not efficiently control the disease due to the deficient coverage of treated surfaces. This study demonstrated that it is possible to use even lower amounts of copper and water without interfering with the efficiency of control of citrus canker.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of Standard Area Diagrams as Assessment Aids for Estimating the Severity of Citrus Canker on Unripe Oranges

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1543-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Braido ◽  
Aline M. O. Gonçalves-Zuliani ◽  
Vanderly Janeiro ◽  
Sérgio A. Carvalho ◽  
José Belasque Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Visual Estimation ◽  
Concordance Correlation ◽  
Unripe Fruit ◽  
Diseased Fruit ◽  
Causal Pathogen ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Important Disease

Asiatic citrus canker (ACC) is an important disease of citrus in Brazil and elsewhere in the world. Infection with the causal pathogen, Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, can cause severe disease on the fruit. Visual estimation of severity is the usual method used to quantify ACC on diseased fruit. The objective of this research was to construct and validate standard area diagram (SAD) sets as assessment aids for raters to improve the accuracy and reliability of visual estimates of ACC on unripe (green) fruit of sweet orange. Two SAD sets were constructed. A five-diagram SAD set had five severities depicted (0.5, 2.0, 8.0, 27.0, and 40.0%) and a six-diagram SAD set had six severities depicted (0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 9.0, 20.0, and 40.0%). Fifteen raters evaluated 40 images of cankered, unripe fruit. Both the five- and six-diagram SAD sets significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of estimates. Agreement, measured by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, was 0.220 to 0.913 when not using SADs, 0.814 to 0.955 when using five-diagram SAD sets, and 0.863 to 0.925 when using six-diagram SAD sets. The five-diagram SAD set was significantly more accurate and reliable compared with the six-diagram set. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Based on the results, the five-diagram SAD set is preferable to use. Although the SAD set was developed for sweet orange, it doubtless has applicability to other citrus, including grapefruit. These SAD sets should be useful for research endeavors where accurate and reliable estimates of the severity of ACC are required.

Soluble and insoluble copper formulations and metallic copper rate for control of citrus canker on sweet orange trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Behlau ◽  
Luis Henrique Mariano Scandelai ◽  
Geraldo José da Silva Junior ◽  
Fabrício Eustáquio Lanza
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Orange Trees

EFFECT OF ORGANIC MANURING ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SWEET ORANGE

2014 ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
B. Ghosh ◽  
T.K.S. Irenaeus ◽  
S. Kundu ◽  
P. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality

Experimental Evaluation of the Chill Casting Method for the Fabrication of LM-25 Aluminum Alloy-Borosilicate Glass (p) Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama Hiremath ◽  
Joel Hemanth
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Hardness Tests ◽  
Result Analysis

The paper investigates the novelty of application of end chills in fabricating Aluminum alloy metal matrix composites. An effort has also been made to evaluate the effect of chill material on the soundness of the castings obtained. The required composites were prepared using LM-25 Aluminum alloy as matrix material in which different weight percent of Borosilicate glass particles were added ranging from 3 wt.% to 12 wt.%. The variation in weight percent was brought about in steps of 3%. The fabrication of the composites was carried out in sand molds by incorporating two metallic (copper and Steel) and two non-metallic (Graphite and Silicon carbide) end chills. The specimens for strength and hardness tests were prepared as per ASTM standards and the specimens were drawn from near chill-end as well as from farther away from chill end. The microstructure of the specimens reveal a refined grain structure proving the sound quality of the castings. The result analysis also leads to the conclusion that metallic chills are more beneficial as compared to non-metallic chills for obtaining a good quality composites. Copper chill with a high volumetric heat capacity proved to be the best chill material amongst the others.

scholarly journals Performance of Minneola tangelo trees grafted over six rootstocks in Colombia Tropical Lowland (1997-2010)

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
Hans Chaparro ◽  
David Ricardo Hernández ◽  
Diana Mayerly Mateus ◽  
Javier Orlando Orduz Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Tropical Lowland ◽  
Citrus Orchards

‘Cleopatra’ tangerine (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) is a commonly used rootstock in the piedmont of Meta department, Colombia for establishing of commercial citrus orchards. Have allowed a late production entrance rootstock and produced big plants when grafted with tangelo ‘Minneola’ (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradise Macf), decreasing the productive efficiency in plants and hard crop practices. The evaluated performance were as follows:  tree size, productive efficiency and fruit quality of tangelo ‘Minneola’ grafted in six rootstocks. It found that the cumulated production of 11 years was better with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) with 1388.3 kg tree-1, followed by ‘Cleopatra’ (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) with 893.2 kg.tree-1, in last place was ‘Carrizo’ (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirustrifoliata (L.) Raf) with 182.9 kg tree-1. The other rootstocks, had a medium production. The greatest height and canopy value, was found with ‘Cleopatra’ without significant differences with Citrumelo ‘Swingle’. In fruit quality no significant differences occurred.

scholarly journals Arsenic in Chemical and Metallurgical Conversions of Copper-zinc Concentrates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Nikolaevich Selivanov ◽  
Dmitry Olegovich Novikov ◽  
Vyacheslav Vasi- Lyevich Belyaev ◽  
Gennady Veniaminovich Skopov
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Electrostatic Precipitator ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Production ◽  
Keywords Arsenic ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Sulfide Concentrates ◽  
Impurity Elements

Due to the deterioration of the quality of obtained sulfide-copper concentrates, arsenic circulates and accumulates in the intermediate products, which reduces the quality of the metal and associated product – sulfuric acid. A method of estimation the distribution of impurity elements can be created using the recycling of sulfide concentrates by various technologies (including autogenous smelting, matte conversion and flotation of slags). This technique is based on solving balance equations for iron, copper and arsenic with known compositions of the resulting products. The obtained data were used to assess of the extraction of arsenic into produce outputs (slag, matte, dust, etc.). In this study, the concentration of arsenic in the dust of metallurgical processes and sludge for cleaning acid solutions is confirmed. The increased temperature in the electrostatic precipitator of gas purification of autogenous processes lead to a partial transition of arsenic into the gas stream directed to the sulfuric acid production. It is possible to regulate the fraction of transition of arsenic to dust and sulfuric acid while changing the operating temperature in the electrostatic precipitator. To a lesser extent arsenic is concentrated in the tails of flotation of slag (11.7%) and metallic copper (2.9%). These data are useful for substantiating measures for the wastes recycling and improvement of the ecological environment in the enterprise operating districts. Keywords: arsenic, autogenous melting, matte conversion, slag flotation, purified gas treatment, distribution, dust, sludge

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal evaluation of physicochemical quality of drinking/using water in Kırklareli Reservoir (Turkish Thrace)

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Güher ◽  
Burak Öterler ◽  
Belgin Elipek ◽  
Okan Yeler ◽  
Gazel Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Control ◽  
Control Regulation ◽  
Freshwater Resource

K?rklareli Reservoir locating in Meri?-Ergene River Basin is an important drinking/using a freshwater resource of K?rklareli Province. In order to ensure the sustainable use of this important reservoir, its current situation should be examined periodically and evaluated by multivariate analyses. For this reason, the water samples were taken between the dates April 2018 and February 2019 at monthly intervals from 3 different stations. The data of environmental and physicochemical variables (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, Chlorophyll-a, light permeability, fluoride, chloride, NO2-N, NO3-N, PO4, SO4, and essential/potentially toxic elements) measured and evaluated according to the classes in surface water quality control regulation of Turkey. The parameters exceeding first-class water quality values (chlorophyll-a, pH, NO2-N, chloride, selenium) were mapped in GIS using Spline integration approach. Also, Sodium Absorbtion Ratio, Kelly Index Values, and Magnesium Ratio, were calculated to evaluate the water quality for agricultural irrigation water standards. The water quality of the reservoir was evaluated by using multivariance analyses (Bray-Curtis Similarity Index, Correspondence Analyses, Pearson Correlation Index). As a result, it was emphasized that using GIS approach is a potential useful method of monitoring the sustainable water quality of K?rklareli reservoir which is determined to have an oligomesotrophic character.

scholarly journals COMBINED EFFECT OF STREPTOMYCIN AND SWEET ORANGE ESSENTIAL OIL TO MEMBRANE AND ACROSOME INTEGRITY BOER GOAT FROZEN SEMEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Sukma Aditya Sitepu ◽  
Julia Marisa
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Acrosome Integrity ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Orange Essential Oil

One of factors that cause a bad quality of Boer Goat frozen semen is the growth of bacterial. This can be overcome by adding antibiotics such as streptomycin. To further suppress the growth of bacteria can be added other ingredients that contain antibacterials such as sweet orange essential oil. The purpose of this research is to know the percentage value of Membrane Integrity and Acrosome Integrity on Boer Goat frozen semen with addition sweet orange essential oil and streptomycin. The method used was experimental using Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment in this research is addition 0%, 0,25%; 0.5%; 0.75% and 1% sweet orange essential oil on tris yolk and streptomycin extender. The results showed the best treatment addition combination streptomycin and sweet orange essential oil to percentage Membrane Integrity and Acrosome Integrity is increase 1% sweet orange essential oil.Keywords: Boer Goat, essential oil, frozen semen, streptomycin, sweet orange.

scholarly journals Basic criteria for a sustainable water management at the U.S.-México border: the case of ambos Nogales

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 35-60
Author(s):  
Luis Ernesto Cervera Gómez ◽  
Rodolfo Rubio Salas
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Ambos Nogales

This article aims to analyze some basic criteria for a sustainable use of water in an international watershed shared by Mexico and the United States. The study area comprises the region of Ambos Nogales, which is located inside the Upper Santa Cruz River Basin. This portion of the watershed represents the main ecosystem and the main source of water for urban and rural populations located in this region. Following criteria of sustainability the authors revise and adapt to the case of Ambos Nogales, a set of guidelines proposed by the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. These guidelines include the following elements: basic water requirements needed to maintain quality of life in the population and the health of ecosystems; water quality that meets certain minimum standards; human actions and their impact on long-term renewability of freshwater stocks and flows; collection of data concerning water resources, use and quality of water; institutional mechanisms to prevent and resolve conflicts; and a democratic process of water-planning and decision-making. These twin cities have a long history of cooperation and conflict linked to water resources, which makes available enough information to create a diagnostic about the water management inside a binational arena, and allowing to explore possibilities for a better water resources management under a sustainable regime and from an international perspective. Keywords: Sustainability, binational water management, ambos Nogales region.

scholarly journals QUALITY DIFFERENCES OF BOER LIQUID SEMEN DURING STORAGE WITH ADDITION SWEETORANGEESSENTIAL OIL IN TRIS YOLK AND GENTAMICIN EXTENDER

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukma Aditya Sitepu ◽  
Zaituni Udin ◽  
Jaswandi Jaswandi ◽  
Hendri Hendri
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Closed Tube ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to know the quality of Boer liquid semen during storage by adding sweet orange essential oil and gentamicin into the tris yolkextender.The semenlongevity test was carried out by storing semen in a closed tube at room temperature and refrigerator, and evaluated motility and Viability every 3 hours at room temperature and 12 hours in refrigerator. The results showed that the characteristics of the liquid semen, with the addition of 1% of essential oils showed percentage of motility and Viability significantly higher than 0.5% and without the addition of essential oil, either stored at room temperature or in the refrigerator. This may be related to the content of essential oils of sweet orange peel containing flavonoids and antibacterials that are capable of maintaining liquid semen quality of Boer Goat.In addition, gentamicin contains antibacterials capable of suppressing the growth of bacteria which can damage and durabilitythe spermatozoa.Keywords: Boer Goat,Gentamicin, Liquid semen, Sweet orange

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