scholarly journals First Report of Strawberry vein banding virus on Strawberry in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ratti ◽  
A. Pisi ◽  
C. Rubies Autonell ◽  
A. Babini ◽  
V. Vicchi
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Indicator Plants ◽  
Strawberry Vein Banding Virus ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region

In the summers of 2007 and 2008, diseased strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) were observed in production fields in Ferrara and Forlì-Cesena districts (Emilia-Romagna Region) in northern Italy. Plants exhibited poor growth, leaf chlorosis, decline, and reduced fruit production. Older leaves sometimes displayed a premature purplish discoloration, while the younger leaves appeared chlorotic and were reduced in size with a marked yellow edge. Symptom severity was dependent on the cultivar and growing conditions. Sixty-one leaf samples were collected from diseased plants from production fields and cultivar collections. Each sample was tested by grafting on Fragaria vesca (clone ‘UC4 and UC5’) and F. virginiana (clone ‘UC10’ and ‘UC11’). Forty-five days after indexing different symptoms, characteristic of viral diseases, appeared on indicator plants. In particular, 24 samples showed Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV)-like symptoms with chlorotic streaks along and on both sides of the main leaf veins of UC5, UC10, and UC11 indicator plants. Molecular methods were also used to better investigate the causal agent. Nucleic acids were extracted from young leaves of field and indicator plants by the cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide method (1). PCR analyses were performed with primer pair SVBVdeta/SVBVdetb as previously described to specifically amplify a product of 423 bp (2). SVBV was detected on all symptomatic indicator plants and corresponding field samples as well as on the positive control sample (supplied by J. D. Postman, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR and I. E. Tzanetakis, Oregon State University, Corvallis). No amplicons were detected from nucleic acids extracted from symptomless strawberry plants. PCR products, amplified from four Italian SVBV isolates, were cloned and sequenced and represent part of ORF IV of the SVBV genome that codes for the coat protein (CP). Italian SVBV isolates were more similar to the U.S. isolates than to the Chinese isolates (Genbank Accession Nos. AY862389, AY955374, X97304, AY605662, AY605663, and AY605664), showing 93 and 86% nt sequence identity, respectively. Strawberry vein banding disease has been reported previously in Italy in 1986 (3), but to our knowledge, this is the first finding of SVBV on strawberry field plants in Italy. SVBV was listed as a quarantine pest by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (OEPP/EPPO) in 1978, but its spread has been increasing within European countries. Further studies should be done to ensure that strawberry propagating material is free of known viruses including SVBV. References: (1) N. Boonham et al. J. Virol. Methods 101:37, 48, 2000. (2) J. R. Thompson et al. J. Virol. Methods 111:85, 93, 2003. (3) A. Pisi. EPPO Bull. 16:353, 358, 1986.

Myrtillocactus geometrizans fruit plant stimulated with Effective microorganisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 025-032
Author(s):  
Domenico Prisa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Growing Medium

The aim of this work is to develop an innovative technology for the cultivation of Myrtillocactus geometrizans, introducing the use of Effective microorganisms and at the same time, limiting the use of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products and improving the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of garambullos for consumption and processing. The trial showed a significant improvement in the agronomic parameters analysed on Myrtillocactus geometrizans plants treated with Effective microorganisms. In particular, there was an increase in plant height and circumference, vegetative and root weight, number of flowers and fruits, number and length of thornes in plants treated with microorganisms. In addition, the use of EM microorganisms showed a significant increase in total betalains, ascorbic acid, phenols and total flavonoids in garambullos. It was important to underline how the use of Effective microorganisms guaranteed, despite the reduction of irrigation and fertilisation by 50% in the growing medium, the same results in terms of agronomic parameters and fruit production and quality as the control with irrigation and fertilisation under optimal conditions. The application of Effective microorganisms in agricultural processing can therefore guarantee higher production standards, with a possible reduction in costs fertilizer and water. Particularly for those farms that want to focus on the production of ornamental and fruit cacti. Fruits obtained from growing plants treated with Effective microorganisms have a high antioxidant and nutraceutical potential, which is very important especially in this age where food is also a medicine.

scholarly journals Development of a sensory profile for a new type of processed fruit and berry products

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
N. A. Gribova ◽  
L. V. Berketova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Osmotic Dehydration ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Processed Products

The article considers the principle of developing a list of descriptors to describe the sensory characteristics of processed fruit and berry products as a result of osmotic dehydration with hypertonic sucrose solution. The analytical method of organoleptic analysis - the quantitative descriptive method, was used to determine significant characteristics. Initially, the testers compiled a preliminary list of descriptors for processed products, including 54 characteristics, which are divided into groups: consistency, appearance, taste, color and aroma. After deleting synonyms, antonyms, and hedonic descriptors, there are 12 descriptive characteristics left in the list. The following descriptors were identified: integrity of form, gloss, brightness of color, consistency: dense, juicy, soft, tender, watery, chewable, sticky, taste: pronounced varietal, sweet and sour taste, intense and extraneous aroma. After discussion between the testers and the head of research for unambiguous understanding of the descriptive characteristics was carried out studies of samples of berry, fruit products and structured reference profilograms frozen and frozen sweet berries and dried reference and dried fruit production. As a result of the organoleptic evaluation, it was found that all processed berries and fruits have a well-preserved consistency, appearance, taste, aroma and color. Levels of density, richness was appreciated, preserved the integrity of the form, pronounced colouring, no foreign flavor, taste of berries meets the variety, berries are delicate compared to a control sample. Thus the organoleptic quality assessment of processed fruit products showed that pre-osmotic dehydration with sucrose solutions for further processes such as freezing and drying have allowed for some handles to protect the structure of fruit and berry raw materials and does not negatively affect the indicators of appearance, consistency, taste, color and aroma, and improved their quality compared to traditional frozen or dried fruit and berry production.

Collaborative Study of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Filter Paper Disks Impregnated with Skim Milk: Positive Control Sample

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. MURTHY ◽  
J. T. PEELER
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Colorimetric Test

The rapid colorimetric test was used in a collaborative study to determine alkaline phosphatase activity in filter paper disks impregnated with skim milk then dried and stored for several months at room temperature. Five samples of filter paper disks (0 to 6 μg phenol/disk) in duplicate were sent to six collaborators for analysis. Computations of analytical and analyst errors showed variations of 22.2 to 48.8%. Most of the variations were due to differences among analysts, but some were partly due to differences in the slopes of the calibration curves (a = 0.05 level) they prepared at the time of analysis. Collaborator's performance was evaluated by comparing % correct results that were positive (negative) with the expected results. About 95% of the samples were correctly analyzed.

The contamination of inland waters by microplastic fibres under different anthropogenic pressure: Preliminary study in Central Europe (Poland)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1231-1238
Author(s):  
Anita Kaliszewicz ◽  
Michał Winczek ◽  
Kamil Karaban ◽  
Dominik Kurzydłowski ◽  
Maria Górska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Northeastern Poland ◽  
Preliminary Study

The contamination of freshwater ecosystems with microfibres has not yet been studied in Poland. We analysed samples from a river and three lakes located in central and northeastern Poland. A significantly higher number of fibres were reported in the river, which runs through large cities, compared with the lake situated within the Landscape Park. Fibres smaller than 1.0 mm dominated, especially in the river where they constituted 39% of all fibres detected. We found more microplastics (⩽ 4930 fibres·m−3) by using a mesh size of 20 µm compared with other studies of inland waters. The use of Raman spectroscopy allowed us to identify conventional plastic polymers: polyethylene terephthalate, polyester and polyurethane. We estimated that up to 25 g of microplastic in the form of fibres might be in the lake water under the surface. We found microplastic fibres in Majcz Lake situated within the Masurian Landscape Park. This suggests that microfibres are carried by the wind and rain and enter freshwater isolated from sewage outlets. By using the control sample and an air-test of microfibres in the laboratory, we observed that there is a high probability of contamination with microplastic in the field samples (up to 30% of all fibres detected). The contamination risk noted from the samples cannot be ignored; this could be particularly important for analysis of microplastic in remote freshwater ecosystems.

scholarly journals Development of an Efficient Real-Time Quantitative PCR Protocol for Detection ofXanthomonas arboricolapv. pruni inPrunusSpecies

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Palacio-Bielsa ◽  
Jaime Cubero ◽  
Miguel A. Cambra ◽  
Raquel Collados ◽  
Isabel M. Berruete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Mediterranean Plant ◽  
Different Origins

ABSTRACTXanthomonas arboricolapv. pruni, the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of stone fruit, is considered a quarantine organism by the European Union and the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). The bacterium can undergo an epiphytic phase and/or be latent and can be transmitted by plant material, but currently, only visual inspections are used to certify plants as beingX. arboricolapv. pruni free. A novel and highly sensitive real-time TaqMan PCR detection protocol was designed based on a sequence of a gene for a putative protein related to an ABC transporter ATP-binding system inX. arboricolapv. pruni. Pathogen detection can be completed within a few hours with a sensitivity of 102CFU ml−1, thus surpassing the sensitivity of the existing conventional PCR. Specificity was assessed forX. arboricolapv. pruni strains from different origins as well as for closely relatedXanthomonasspecies, non-Xanthomonasspecies, saprophytic bacteria, and healthyPrunussamples. The efficiency of the developed protocol was evaluated with field samples of 14Prunusspecies and rootstocks. For symptomatic leaf samples, the protocol was very efficient even when washed tissues of the leaves were directly amplified without any previous DNA extraction. For samples of 117 asymptomatic leaves and 285 buds, the protocol was more efficient after a simple DNA extraction, andX. arboricolapv. pruni was detected in 9.4% and 9.1% of the 402 samples analyzed, respectively, demonstrating its frequent epiphytic or endophytic phase. This newly developed real-time PCR protocol can be used as a quantitative assay, offers a reliable and sensitive test forX. arboricolapv. pruni, and is suitable as a screening test for symptomatic as well as asymptomatic plant material.

scholarly journals Development and Testing of a Method for Detecting Lujo Virus RNA by Reverse Transcription and Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
E. V. Naidenova ◽  
V. G. Dedkov ◽  
D. A. Agafonov ◽  
A. M. Senichkina ◽  
M. V. Safonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Panel ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Virus Rna

The aim of the study was to develop and assess the efficacy of a method for Lujo virus RNA detection in clinical and biological samples using one-step real-time RT-PCR.Materials and methods. In order to select the conservative regions of the genome, we utilized the available in GenBank database Lujo virus sequences (https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/genbank) aligned in BioEdit 7.2.5 software package ( (IbisBiosciences, USA). To conduct one-round RTPCR, reverse transcriptase and TaqF-polimerase were used. Recombinant Escherichia coli strain, XL1-Blue, containing pGEM-T plasmid with inserted synthetically-generated fragment of the virus genome, was produced to make positive control sample (PCS). Constructed recombinant plasmids were used for creating RNA-containing PCS with protective protein shell of MS2-phage. Determination of specificity of the developed method was performed with the help of control panel of RNA and DNA of 23 viral strains related to 10 families; the sensitivity – the panel of biological samples artificially contaminated with PCS. Further testing was carried out at the premises of laboratory of the Russian-Guinean Center for Epidemiology and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (Kindia, Republic of Guinea) on 265 blood sera from practically healthy persons, 110 blood sera of cattle, 83 suspensions of ticks, and 165 suspensions of organs of small mammals collected in the territory of Guinea.Results and discussion. Two conservative polymerase gene fragments have been chosen as targets for Lujo virus RNA detection using RT-PCR. The combination of primers and probes has been experimentally selected, optimum composition of reaction mixture for PCR and mode of RT-PCR set-up established, as well as control samples C+, internal control, positive control sample developed. Sensitivity of the proposed method is 5·103  GE /ml, specificity – 100 %. 

scholarly journals Brown rot blossom blight and fruit rot of apricot in Hungary

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Drén ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
M. Soltész ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Laxa ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production

The aim of our two-year study was to assess incidence of brown rot blossom blight and fruit rot caused by Monilinia laxa in 2003 and 2004. Assessments of incidence were made on cv. Bergeron (susceptible to brown rot) in a flatland and a hilly growing area (at Cegléd and Gönc, respectively). In both locations, plant protection was performed according to the integrated fruit production guidelines and small untreated plots were set up for each cultivar in both years. In 2003, when weather conditions were dry and hot, brown rot incidence was low (less than 10%) on both blossoms and fruits. Monilinia laxa did not cause significantly different blossom blight and fruit rot at the hilly (Gönc) area compared to the flatland, not even in untreated plots. However, in 2004, when spring and summer weather conditions were wet and cold, Incidence reached 95% for blossom blight and 33% for fruit rot in the untreated plots. Blossom blight incidence was 1.5-2 times higher in the flatland area compared to the hilly growing area. During the blooming period of apricot, two (at flower bud stage and at full bloom) and three (at flower bud stage, at full bloom and at petal fall) fungicide applications were necessary for the successful control at Gönc and Cegléd, respectively. The difference between the two orchards was due to the fact that blooming started one week later in the hilly region (at Gone) than in the flatland region (at Cegléd), therefore, the critical weather period coincided with blooming in the orchard in the hilly region only partially. Fruit rot incidence was similar in both regions as the amount and distribution of rainfall were similar during the fruit ripening period.

scholarly journals Effects of Silicon in the Nutrient Solution for Three Horticultural Plant Families on the Vegetative Growth, Cuticle, and Protection Against Botrytis cinerea

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1447-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Pozo ◽  
Miguel Urrestarazu ◽  
Isidro Morales ◽  
Jessica Sánchez ◽  
Milagrosa Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cuticle Thickness ◽  
Pepper Plants

The silicon (Si) percentage in the dry matter of plants is between 0.1% and 10%, and even though its role in the metabolism of plants is not absolutely clear, Si’s positive effects on plant nutrition and plant protection against both biotic and abiotic stress are well documented. However, Si is not considered to be an essential element, so it is not always present in nutrient solutions. In this paper, an experiment was carried out in the University of Almeria’s greenhouse with hydroponic lettuce, tomato, pepper, melon, and cucumber plants. A standard nutrient solution was used as a control sample and was fertigated with Si. During the four-true-leaf seedling stage, various plant growth parameters were measured, including the dry weight and the wet weight as well as the foliar surface and the cuticle thickness of both the leaf and the stem. Additionally, in the lettuce, tomato, and pepper plants, the effect of the use of Si in the nutrient solution on the protection against the pathogen Botrytis cinerea was determined by measuring the penetration of the pathogen through the cuticle and the extension of the fungal infection by using leaf discs. The results suggest that all of the studied parameters, and both the cuticle thickness and the epidermis thickness, were increased by more than 10% on average for all of the plants. In the lettuce, tomato, and pepper plants, a beneficial effect against B. cinerea was observed when the nutrient solution containing Si was used.

scholarly journals Efficient Exploitation of Local Fruit Resources Through Sustainable Production and High Added Value Processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Florin Stănică
Keyword(s):  
Rural Economy ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Orchard Management ◽  
Product Authenticity

Fruit production in Europe has a dual system organization: an industrial type with high density planting systems in large extension farms and a small size orchard type in family owned farms. Certainly, the two systems are quite different in terms of fruit varieties, planting systems, orchard management and fruit production valorisation. In recent years, the smart family fruit farms became more and more important for the rural economy by increasing the efficient use of local resources, by offering social security and comfort and by reducing the environmental fruit finger print. Besides the already existing orchards, new ones are planted with trees produced using local species and varieties, better adapted to soil and climate conditions, grafted on resistant rootstocks. Low input orchard technologies, organic fertilization and integrated pest management are generally used. Natural windbreaks and shelters, grass soil cover management are generalized in order to ensure a higher biodiversity and the protection of wild life. Local fruits are produced in many cases under registered Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), and Traditional Specialties Guaranteed (TSG). Those insure the product authenticity, a quality control system and a better marketing. Fruits are sold fresh on the local markets and in modern distribution network but also processed in the farm or in cooperative processing units. Special products are obtained following traditional recipes, some of the being sugar free, rich in vitamins, active principles and considered functional food. Continuous science and technology development brings innovation also in orchard technologies in European small fruit farms aiming to maintain their sustainability and competitiveness, by producing top quality fruits, with nearly to zero residues and no environmental negative impact. The European model of small smart fruit farms could be introduced and tested to Indonesian condition. Keywords: small smart farms; local varieties; planting systems; sustainable orchard management; plant protection; local fruit processing

scholarly journals Real-time RT-PCR detection of Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) in hops including an mRNA-based internal positive control

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-767
Author(s):  
Luitgardis Seigner ◽  
Marion Liebrecht ◽  
Linda Keckel ◽  
Katharina Einberger ◽  
Carolin Absmeier
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Pcr Detection ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Internal Positive Control

Abstract Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), formerly known as pathogen in the genus Citrus and first detected in Slovenian hops in 2014, threatens hop production as it leads to important economic losses. Reduction in yield and quality and even death of the infected plants within a few years are typical observations due to CBCVd infections of hops. The viroid is easily transmitted and spreads rapidly. As it cannot be controlled by plant protection measures, avoiding its introduction into hop gardens and eradicating first centres of infection are of utmost importance. An indispensable prerequisite is a reliable detection method suitable for large-scale routine testing. In this study, the development of primers and probe for real-time RT-PCR for sensitive CBCVd detection is described. To exclude “false negative” results, a nad5 mRNA-based internal positive control was included. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a duplex real-time RT-PCR detection method for CBCVd at least in hops is described. In addition, first method validation data are presented.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document