scholarly journals A First Assessment of the Cranberry Fruit Rot Complex in Michigan

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. Olatinwo ◽  
E. J. Hanson ◽  
A. M. C. Schilder
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Isolation Frequency ◽  
Phomopsis Vaccinii

Samples of ripe fruit were taken at harvest from all eight commercial cranberry farms in Michigan over a 3-year period to determine the distribution and incidence of fruit rot diseases and the fungal pathogens associated with rotted fruit. Totals of 23, 33, and 28 beds were sampled in 1999, 2000, and 2001, respectively. Fruit rot incidence varied widely among beds and farms and ranged from 5 to 97% (mean 33.4%) in 1999, 1 to 91% (mean 26.3%) in 2000, and 1 to 67% (mean 12.8%) in 2001. Differences in fruit rot incidence were observed among cultivars, but rankings differed among farms. In general, cultivars Ben Lear, Bergman, and Pilgrim tended to have lower and Beckwith and WSU61 higher fruit rot incidence than other cultivars grown in the same location. Colletotrichum acutatum, Pestalotia vaccinii, and Phyllosticta vaccinii were the fungi most frequently recovered from rotted fruit. Fusicoccum putrefaciens, Phomopsis vaccinii, Physalospora vaccinii, Allantophomopsis lycopodina, Coleophoma empetri, and Botrytis cinerea were isolated occasionally in 1999. The isolation frequency of Physalospora vaccinii, Phomopsis vaccinii, and C. empetri increased markedly in 2000. Glomerella cingulata was first detected in 2001. Fusicoccum putrefaciens was most common in the northern and Glomerella cingulata in the southern growing areas. A comparison of sound and rotted fruit from selected beds showed that Phyllosticta elongata predominated in sound fruit, whereas G. cingulata predominated in rotted fruit.

scholarly journals Incidence and Causes of Postharvest Fruit Rot in Stored Michigan Cranberries

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 1277-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. Olatinwo ◽  
A. M. C. Schilder ◽  
A. N. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Phomopsis Vaccinii ◽  
Northern Michigan ◽  
Growing Region

The incidence of postharvest fruit rot and associated fungi was studied in stored cranberries in Michigan in 2000 and 2001. Ripe cranberries were harvested from eight commercial farms in southwest and northeast Michigan, including the Upper Peninsula. Eight cranberry cultivars were represented: Stevens, Searles, Le Munyon, Pilgrim, Ben Lear, Bergman, Beckwith, and WSU 61. Fruit rot incidence was assessed within 1 week after harvest. Remaining sound fruit was stored for 2 months at 5°C, and fungi were isolated from rotted fruit after 1 and 2 months of storage. Year and region, but not cultivar, significantly affected the overall rate of rot development in storage. Storage rot levels generally were lower in 2001 than in 2000, particularly in southern Michigan. A high incidence of field rot at harvest did not necessarily lead to a high incidence of storage rot. Storage rot tended to be more severe in the northern than in the southern growing region. Fungi most frequently associated with storage rot were Fusicoccum putrefaciens, Colletotrichum acutatum, Coleophoma empetri, Phomopsis vaccinii, and Phyllosticta elongata. F. putrefaciens was the predominant storage rot fungus in northern Michigan in both years and caused up to 80% fruit rot in storage. C. empetri and P. elongata also were isolated more frequently from beds in northern than southern Michigan in 2001. The cvs. Pilgrim and Stevens were more susceptible to storage rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, and Bergman and WSU 61 were more susceptible to storage rot caused by Phomopsis vaccinii than some of the other cultivars.

scholarly journals Present status of strawberry fruit rot diseases in New Zealand

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.E. Timudo-Torrevilla ◽  
K.R. Everett ◽  
N.W. Waipara ◽  
K.S.H. Boyd-Wilson Weeds ◽  
G.I. Langford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Ripe Fruit

The New Zealand strawberry industry experiences losses due to fungal diseases that can cost up to 44 million per annum or 20 of the crop value Disease control relies almost exclusively on applications of the fungicide captan During the 2003/2004 production season grower monitoring trials investigated the relative importance of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) and leak (Rhizopus spp) in causing postharvest fruit rot The average fruit rot incidence (expressed per day) was 36 22 and 16 for grey mould leak and anthracnose respectively when ripe fruit was incubated at room temperature under high humidity In two grower trials and one replicated spray trial frequent captan applications did not reduce grey mould anthracnose or leak incidence compared to an unsprayed treatment Integrated management strategies for control of strawberry fruit rot diseases are urgently required for New Zealand strawberry growers

scholarly journals CMSERK GENE IS EXPRESSED IN RESPONSE TO THE ATTACK OF PATHOGEN FUNGI COLLETOTRICHUM ACUTATUM AND BOTRYTIS CINEREA

AXIOMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (24) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Augusta Yadira Cueva Agila
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Central America ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Fungal Attack ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
In Vitro Inoculation ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

The genus Cattleya groups orchids originate in tropical zones of South and Central America. One of the most representative species of ornamental importance is Cattleya maxima Lindl. In this study the fungal pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum and Botrytis cinerea were isolated and their pathogenicity was determined by in vitro inoculation of Cattleya maxima. Pathogenicity tests resulted positive for infection with C. acutatum after seven days of inoculation while as for B. cinerea the symptoms of infection appeared after two days.  Quantitative PCR revealed that CmSERK gene is more expressed in tissue under fungal attack. These results suggest that CmSERK gene plays an important role in the activation of defense-related responses.

scholarly journals Sprayer Type and Pruning Affect the Incidence of Blueberry Fruit Rots

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Hanson ◽  
Jim Hancock ◽  
Donald C. Ramsdell ◽  
Annemiek Schilder ◽  
Gary VanEe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Highbush Blueberries ◽  
Long Term Impact

Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in Michigan are treated annually with fungicides to control fruit rots caused by Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds, Alternaria sp., and Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. Control with recommended fungicide programs is often inadequate. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of two spray treatments and three levels of pruning severity on fruit rot levels in mature `Jersey' bushes. Two spray treatments were tested for 3 years: 1) recommended fungicide rates applied with a conventional airblast sprayer; 2) 67% of recommended fungicide rates applied with a multifan/nozzle, above-row sprayer. Pruning treatments included light and heavy pruning (compared for 1 year), and light, moderate, and heavy pruning (compared for 3 years). Fruit rot incidence was determined after incubating individual fruit at 100% relative humidity and 21 °C for 7 to 11 days, and after exposing 0.24-L plastic clamshell containers of fruit to simulated commercial handling. The above-row sprayer provided fruit rot control at least equivalent to the airblast sprayer even though less chemical was applied. Anthracnose rot in berries from the top of the bush canopy were reduced by pruning, but those in the bottom of the bush, and levels of other diseases were not consistently affected. Pruning also reduced yields, although the study was too short in duration to determine the long-term impact on production.

Fungicide Efficacy and Specificity Toward Fungi in the Cranberry Fruit Rot Disease Complex

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay D. Wells ◽  
Robert S. Perry ◽  
Patricia S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Disease Complex ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Phomopsis Vaccinii ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Important Disease

Cranberry fruit rot is an economically important disease complex comprised of as many as 15 different fungi that destroy cranberries in the field and/or after harvest. We evaluated fungicides in six field trials over 3 years for their ability to reduce the incidence of cranberry fruit rot and for their specificity in controlling six principal pathogens in the complex: Coleophoma empetri, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phomopsis vaccinii, Phyllosticta vaccinii, and Physalospora vaccinii. Fruit rot incidence and efficacy of fungicides varied greatly among replicate plots within trials and among trials, often making it difficult to discern significant differences among treatments. However, in general, the newer strobilurin and sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides were at least as effective as the industry standards, chlorothalonil and mancozeb. An exception was the DMI fungicide fenbuconazole, which was ineffective in three of five trials. Compared to other fungicides, fenbuconazole was weak in controlling Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which along with Coleophoma empetri, dominated among fungi isolated from rotten berries. The results are being used to develop disease management programs that control the key fruit rot pathogens with reduced reliance on environmentally risky and potentially carcinogenic fungicides. Accepted for publication 21 January 2014. Published 14 March 2014.

scholarly journals The Use of Essential Oils from Thyme, Sage and Peppermint against Colletotrichum acutatum

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Armina Morkeliūnė ◽  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Lina Šernaitė ◽  
Alma Valiuškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Colletotrichum Spp ◽  
Biological Protection

The Colletotrichum spp. is a significant strawberry pathogen causing yield losses of up to 50%. The most common method to control plant diseases is through the use of chemical fungicides. The findings of plants antimicrobial activities, low toxicity, and biodegradability of essential oils (EO), make them suitable for biological protection against fungal pathogens. The aim is to evaluate the inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum by thyme, sage, and peppermint EO in vitro on detached strawberry leaves and determine EO chemical composition. Our results revealed that the dominant compound of thyme was thymol 41.35%, peppermint: menthone 44.56%, sage: α,β-thujone 34.45%, and camphor: 20.46%. Thyme EO inhibited C. acutatum completely above 200 μL L−1 concentration in vitro. Peppermint and sage EO reduced mycelial growth of C. acutatum. In addition, in vitro, results are promising for biological control. The detached strawberry leaves experiments showed that disease reduction 4 days after inoculation was 15.8% at 1000 μL L−1 of peppermint EO and 5.3% at 800 μL L−1 of thyme compared with control. Our findings could potentially help to manage C. acutatum; however, the detached strawberry leaves assay showed that EO efficacy was relatively low on tested concentrations and should be increased.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomics Reveals the Potential Targets of BcNoxR, a Putative Regulatory Subunit of NADPH Oxidase of Botrytis cinerea

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 990-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Li ◽  
Zhanquan Zhang ◽  
Chang He ◽  
Guozheng Qin ◽  
Shiping Tian
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Wild Type

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex has been shown to play a crucial role in stress response and in the virulence of various fungal pathogens. The underlying molecular mechanisms of NOX, however, remain largely unknown. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis compared changes in protein abundance in wild-type Botrytis cinerea and ΔbcnoxR mutants in which the regulatory subunit of NOX was deleted. The ΔbcnoxR mutants exhibited reduced growth, sporulation, and impaired virulence. A total of 60 proteins, representing 49 individual genes, were identified in ΔbcnoxR mutants that exhibited significant differences in abundance relative to wild-type. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the differences in transcript levels for 36 of the genes encoding the identified proteins were in agreement with the proteomic analysis, while the remainder exhibited reverse levels. Functional analysis of four proteins that decreased abundance in the ΔbcnoxR mutants indicated that 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (BcPGD) played a role in the growth and sporulation of B. cinerea. The Δbcpgd mutants also displayed impaired virulence on various hosts, such as apple, strawberry, and tomato fruit. These results suggest that NOX can influence the expression of BcPGD, which has an impact on growth, sporulation, and virulence of B. cinerea.

Fungicide Dip Treatments for Management of Botrytis cinerea Infection on Strawberry Transplants

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
Michelle S. Oliveira ◽  
Leandro G. Cordova ◽  
Marcus V. Marin ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of Botrytis fruit rot, is annually introduced into Florida strawberry fields by infected transplants. The disease can be managed by fungicide sprays throughout the season; however, previous studies have demonstrated that several chemical classes are no longer effective owing to B. cinerea resistance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of preplant fungicide-dip treatments of strawberry transplants on reducing B. cinerea colonization and to evaluate fungicide sensitivity of surviving B. cinerea isolates. Transplants of two strawberry cultivars, Winterstar ‘FL 05-107’ and ‘Florida Radiance’, were dipped in 11 different fungicides. After the plant establishment period, eight leaves per plot were collected before and 14 days after treatment to evaluate B. cinerea incidence. Isolates (n = 139) obtained from the transplants were tested for fungicide sensitivity. Plant diameter was measured 47 days after planting. All treatments, including the controls, reduced B. cinerea incidence by at least 77% compared with predip incidence. However, fungicide-resistant isolates were recovered from all treatments tested.

Effectiveness of a Low-volume Spray Technology in the Control of Major Strawberry Diseases in Florida

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
Leandro G. Cordova ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Operational Capacity

Florida strawberry production is greatly affected by Botrytis and anthracnose fruit rots (BFR and AFR), caused by Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum, respectively. Fungicide applications are the most effective method for control of both diseases. Traditionally, Florida strawberry growers use sprayers mounted with hydraulic nozzles delivering high flow rates. The objective of this study was to compare the standard hydraulic nozzle (SHN) sprayer with the air-assisted rotary atomizer (AARA). The effects of low volumes on the control of BFR and AFR, the reduction of 25% on fungicide rate, and their operational efficiency were evaluated, and an economic analysis was conducted. Two experiments were conducted (in the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 seasons) where three treatments were compared: two using the AARA at 25 gal/acre, one of these with 75% of the fungicide rate; and one using the SHN at 100 gal/acre. In the first season, yield, AFR control, and BFR control were similar for all three treatments. In the second, BFR control was similar among all the treatments. However, the AARA treatment had a higher yield than the SHN, with the AARA (75% rate) being more productive. The operational capacity in acres per hour of the AARA was 17% higher than the SHN. Labor and fungicide costs were lower in the AARA treatments. Thus, the technology was shown to be a good fit for Florida growers. Accepted for publication 25 October 2016.

scholarly journals First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Persimmon Fruit in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 634-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Williamson ◽  
T. B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Japanese Persimmon ◽  
First Report ◽  
Persimmon Fruit

Persimmon trees are important for their fruit as well as their colorful fruit and foliage in the fall. Persimmon fruit (Japanese persimmon, Diospyros kaki cv. Fuyu) were collected in November 2008 from a tree in Windsor, NC, located in the Coastal Plain. Fruit were not symptomatic on the tree but developed dark lesions after harvest. Isolations from six fruit yielded seven isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds. After incubation at 25°C under continuous light for 15 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA), all isolates had gray aerial mycelium, but the inverse sides of the plates of six isolates were maroon and one was beige. Masses of salmon-colored conidia were formed first in the center of the colonies, then were observed scattered across the colonies in older cultures. Conidia were hyaline, one-celled, elliptic with one or both ends pointed, and measured 8.1 to 16.3 × 3.1 to 5 μm. Setae and sclerotia were not observed. There were also dark structures measuring 1 to 10 mm that were partially embedded in the agar that contained conidia. Cultural and conidial characteristics of the isolates were similar to those of C. acutatum (3). PCR amplification was performed with the species-specific primer pair CaInt2/ITS4 (2) and genomic DNA from the original isolates and isolates obtained from inoculated fruit. An amplification product of approximately 490 bp, which is specific for C. acutatum, was observed. To fulfill Koch's postulates, persimmon fruit obtained from the grocery store were surface disinfested with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and sterile filter paper disks dipped in conidial suspensions (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of two C. acutatum isolates (maroon and beige reverse) or sterile, deionized water were placed on the fruit. Three fruit were inoculated per treatment and the disks were placed on four locations on each fruit. Parafilm was wrapped around the diameter of the fruit to keep the filter paper disks moist and in place. Fruit were placed in moist chambers and incubated at 25°C. After 3 days, the Parafilm was removed and the fruit returned to the moist chambers. Small, dark lesions were observed on fruit inoculated with each isolate of C. acutatum when the filter paper disks were removed. Ten days after inoculation, dark lesions and acervuli with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit inoculated with both isolates of C. acutatum and the fruit were soft. After 12 days, there were abundant masses of conidia and the inoculated areas were decayed. Control fruit remained firm and did not develop symptoms. Cultures obtained from the fruit and the conidia produced were typical of the isolates used to inoculate the fruit. C. acutatum has been reported to cause fruit rot on persimmon fruit in New Zealand (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum on persimmon fruit in the United States. References: (1) R. Lardner et al. Mycol. Res. 103:275, 1999. (2) S. Sreenivasaprasad et al. Plant Pathol. 45:650, 1996. (3) B. C. Sutton. Page 523 in: Coelomycetes. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Great Britain. 1980.

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