Impact of foliar fungicides on disease and silage quality of brown midrib (BMR) corn hybrids in Wisconsin

Corn, Zea mays L., is one of the most widely grown crops in the United States due to its importance as a feed, food, and fuel crop. Silage is a high energy, fermented feed that uses the entire corn plant and is important for feeding dairy cows. Any disease that affects the plant’s physiology can reduce silage quality. The goal of this study was to evaluate fungicide treatments on silage corn hybrids to determine their effect on fungal diseases, including those caused by Fusarium graminearum, on silage quality. Foliar fungicide trials were conducted in Arlington, Wisconsin in 2018 and 2019 and included two brown-midrib silage hybrids. In-field disease ratings were collected for foliar disease symptoms, ear rot severity, and lodging. Harvested silage was analyzed for yield, quality parameters, and mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, DON) concentration. There were significant differences in all measured parameters between years and hybrids; however, only the foliar disease ratings were consistently reduced by the use of fungicide treatments. DON concentrations were significantly lower for two fungicide treatments in one hybrid in 2019. There were no significant differences among the treatments used on yield or any quality parameters in this study. More research needs to be done to find potential fungicides that can consistently reduce F. graminearum damage and DON concentration in silage corn.

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Assessing Late Vegetative and Tasseling Fungicide Application Timings on Foliar Disease and Yield in Indiana Corn

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-03-20-0022-rs ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 224-229

Author(s):

Darcy E. P. Telenko ◽

Jeffrey D. Ravellette ◽

Kiersten A. Wise

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

The United States ◽

Field Trials ◽

Gray Leaf Spot ◽

Corn Production ◽

Foliar Disease ◽

Application Timing ◽

Cercospora Zeae Maydis ◽

Foliar Fungicide ◽

Disease Pressure

Gray leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) is a foliar disease of corn (Zea mays) that consistently reduces yields across the United States and is an annual concern in Indiana corn production. Field trials were conducted in West Lafayette, IN, over 3 years (2016 to 2018) to evaluate the effectiveness of 12-leaf collar stage (V12) foliar fungicide applications compared with tasseling (VT) applications for gray leaf spot management and yield. Results indicated that during years in which foliar disease severity was less than 4%, there was no effect of application timing on gray leaf spot severity. In 2018, when gray leaf spot levels exceeded 5%, significantly less disease was observed in treatments receiving VT applications compared with V12 applications. Application timing did not affect yield in any year of the experiment. In 2016, benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin + propiconazole resulted in greater yields compared with the nontreated control, and in 2018, pyraclostrobin + metconazole and benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin + propiconazole resulted in greater yields compared with the nontreated control. This research indicates that in high disease pressure environments and years, Indiana farmers may want to continue to apply fungicides at VT rather than apply prior to tassel.

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Impacts of row spacing and fungicide timing on foliar disease, greenstem and yield in double cropped soybeans grown in the Chesapeake Bay region of the United States.

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-10-21-0130-br ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nathan Kleczewski ◽

Andrew Kness ◽

Alyssa Koehler

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chesapeake Bay ◽

The United States ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Soybean Yield ◽

Foliar Disease ◽

Application Timing ◽

Soybean Production ◽

Fungicide Application ◽

Foliar Fungicide

Double cropped soybeans are planted on approximately 1/3 of crop acres in the Chesapeake Bay region of the United States. Producers have asked if foliar fungicides are required to optimize yields in this region. We assessed the impacts of foliar fungicide application timing and row spacing on foliar disease, greenstem, and yield from 11 site years spanning 2017-2019. Foliar diseases only developed at rateable levels in one location. Fungicide application, regardless of timing, increased percent greenstem over non-treated controls. Fungicide application did not impact soybean yield. Yield was greater in 38.1 cm rows when compared to 19 cm rows. Our data do not support the use of foliar fungicides in double cropped soybean production in this region.

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Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of Healthcare Facilities in the United States

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12193775 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 3775 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Khaled Bawaneh ◽

Farnaz Ghazi Nezami ◽

Md. Rasheduzzaman ◽

Brad Deken

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Intensity ◽

The United States ◽

High Energy ◽

Total Energy Consumption ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Energy Consumption Analysis ◽

Consumption Data ◽

End Use

Healthcare facilities in the United States account for 4.8% of the total area in the commercial sector and are responsible for 10.3% of total energy consumption in this sector. The number of healthcare facilities increased by 22% since 2003, leading to a 21% rise in energy consumption and an 8% reduction in energy intensity per unit of area (544.8 kWh/m2). This study provides an analytical overview of the end-use energy consumption data in healthcare systems for hospitals in the United States. The energy intensity of the U.S. hospitals ranges from 640.7 kWh/m2 in Zone 5 (very hot) to 781.1 kWh/m2 in Zone 1 (very cold), with an average of 738.5 kWh/m2. This is approximately 2.6 times higher than that of other commercial buildings. High energy intensity in the healthcare facilities, particularly in hospitals, along with energy costs and associated environmental concerns make energy analysis crucial for this type of facility. The proposed analysis shows that U.S. healthcare facilities have higher energy intensity than those of most other countries, especially the European ones. This necessitates the adoption of more energy-efficient approaches to the infrastructure and the management of healthcare facilities in the United States.

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Astronomy on Ice

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia ◽

10.1017/s1323358000018282 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 403-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Martin A. Pomerantz

Keyword(s):

Gamma Ray ◽

Far Infrared ◽

The United States ◽

High Energy ◽

Observational Cosmology ◽

Significant Information ◽

Infrared Measurements ◽

Energy Gamma ◽

Low Humidity ◽

Scientific Station

AbstractThe geographic South Pole, where the United States maintains a year-round scientific station, affords a number of unique advantages for certain types of astronomical observations. These include: continuous viewing and constant declination of ail objects in the southern celestial hemisphere, exceedingly low humidity, extended periods of coronal seeing, high altitude, and uniform terrain. The areas of research that have already benefited immensely from thèse extraordinary features are helioseismology and submillimeter astronomy. Unparalleled observations of global solar oscillations have already yielded significant information about the structure and dynamics of the Sun’s interior. Far infrared measurements of various galactic and extra-galactic regions have attained an unprecedented level of sensitivity, limited for the first time only by the noise inherent in the detector. In addition to further helioseismological observations, currently planned future activities include observational cosmology and ultra high energy gamma ray astronomy.

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The Reaction of some Maize Hybrids, Created at ARDS TURDA, to Fusarium spp. Infection

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:12658 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Laura ȘOPTEREAN ◽

Loredana SUCIU ◽

Ana Maria VĂLEAN ◽

Felicia MUREŞANU ◽

Carmen PUIA

Keyword(s):

Production Capacity ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Fusarium Ear Rot ◽

Ear Rot ◽

Artificial Infection ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Resistance Reaction

The most important disease of maize in Romania are stalk and ear rot, which caused yield losses in average of 20%. The resistant hibrids represent one of the most efficient solution for reducing the field loses caused by Fusarium spp. on the maize (Nagy et al., 2006). Diseases caused by Fusarium spp. can affect the yield and grain quality of maize because of contamination with numerous mycotoxins produced by these fungi (Czembor et al., 2015). The purpose of this paper was to know more about the reaction of different maize hybrids to Fusarium and the evaluating the effect of ear rot on the yield ability and mycotoxins accumulation. The experiments carried out at ARDS Turda, during four years (2012-2015). The biological material was represented by 8 hybrids, from different maturity groups, tested in two infection conditions with Fusarium spp. (natural and artificial infections). The temperature and rainfalls of the four years of experiments corresponding to the vegetation of maize (april-september) are influenced favourably the pathogenesis of stalk and ear rot caused by Fusarium spp. and a good discrimination of the resistance reaction of genotypes. Fusarium ear rot has significantly affected production capacity and chemical composition of corn hybrids tested. In conditions of artificial infection with Fusarium spp. was a decrease in the content of starch, fat and increased protein content compared with artificially inoculated variants. The quantity of fumonizin B1+B2 has reached to 5630 μg/kg in conditions of artificial infection. There are negative correlations between production capacity and degree of attack of fusarium ear rot; depending on the reacting genotypes tested increasing disease causes production decrease. The response of maize hybrids to Fusarium infection is influenced by infection and climatic conditions. These factors affect production both in terms of quantity and quality and accumulation of mycotoxins.

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The future of high-energy physics in the United States: Statement for the 1994 HEPAP subpanel

10.2172/10136296 ◽

1994 ◽

Author(s):

J. Jr. Peoples

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

High Energy Physics ◽

The United States ◽

High Energy ◽

The Future ◽

Energy Physics

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Research Note Infection and Ultrastructure of Conidia and Pycnidia of Stenocarpella maydis in Maize

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-347 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 676-680

Author(s):

ZHENGJUN XIA ◽

HONGYAN WU ◽

PREMILA N. ACHAR

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Ear Rot ◽

Callose Deposition ◽

Term Survival ◽

Embryonic Tissues ◽

Maize Seeds ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Stenocarpella Maydis ◽

Host Tissues

Stenocarpella maydis is the most prevalent ear rot pathogen of maize (Zea mays) in South Africa, the United States, and other countries. Infection and ultrastructure of propagules of S. maydis in maize were observed by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Two-celled conidia of S. maydis were found in the tissues of husk and kernels. Mycelia colonized inter- and intracellularly in the host tissues. Pycnidia were found abundantly inside the seed tissues of susceptible cultivars; within a single seed, pycnidia propagated preferentially in embryonic tissues. A pycnidium is composed of morphologically different resting spores mingled with some degraded organelles of the host cell. In this study, various enzymatic activities led to cell wall degradation, lacunae in endosperm tissues, and disrupted organelles in susceptible cultivars. In contrast, callose deposition surrounding fungal hyphae was clearly visible in resistant cultivars. Heavy infection was detected by maceration, even though there was no apparent symptom on the seed coat. The saprophytic nature and structurally different forms of propagules could contribute to a long-term survival of this pathogen in the field and during grain storage. Furthermore, S. maydis might pose a threat of diplodiatoxin intoxication to human and domestic animals when infected maize seeds are consumed.

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The Civilianization of a Nuclear Weapon Effects Test: Operation ARGUS

Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences ◽

10.1525/hsns.2012.42.4.283 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 283-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lisa M. Mundey

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Nuclear Weapon ◽

New York Times ◽

The United States ◽

High Energy ◽

Long Distance ◽

White House ◽

International Geophysical Year ◽

Test Operation ◽

International Geophysical

In 1958 the United States secretly conducted a low-yield, high-atmosphere nuclear weapon effects test in the South Atlantic code-named ARGUS. It tested a theory devised by Nicholas Christofilos that an anti-missile shield could be created around the planet by trapping high-energy electrons in the Earth’s radiation field. In order to conduct the test before the October 1958 nuclear test moratorium, the military borrowed International Geophysical Year equipment and used the program as cover for the clandestine nuclear tests. Though the experiment determined that an electron shield could not work, it provided important research data for weapon effects, atmospheric physics, and long-distance communications. In March 1959, Hanson Baldwin and Walter Sullivan of the New York Times published an unauthorized account of the tests. In response, the White House presented ARGUS as a civilian science program of the International Geophysical Year rather than a nuclear weapon effects test. In the internal debate about declassification, in the publicity of the test, and in the memories of James Killian and Herbert York, Operation ARGUS demonstrates that many scientists and Americans remained comfortable with anti-militarism, even under militarized policies.

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Reexamination of the Influence of Oebalus pugnax (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Infestations on Rice Yield and Quality

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa063 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (3) ◽

pp. 1248-1253

Author(s):

Blake E Wilson ◽

Michael J Stout

Keyword(s):

Rice Yield ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

The United States ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Stink Bug ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Oebalus Pugnax ◽

The Impact ◽

Sweep Net ◽

Panicle Weight

Abstract The rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.), is the most important pest of headed rice, Oryza sativa L., in the United States. Numerous studies have attempted to quantify the impact of O. pugnax feeding on rice yield and grain quality, but these studies have often produced conflicting results. Across mid-south U.S. rice, thresholds based on sweep net sampling are used to determine the need for insecticide applications, but few studies have related sweep net captures to rice quality parameters. Field trials were conducted in Louisiana in 2015 and 2016 that used different rates of insecticides to establish rice plots with mean O. pugnax infestations ranging from 0.8 to 24.6 insects per 10 sweeps. Insecticide applications improved panicle weight and head yields as well as decreased percentage peck. A series of linear regressions examined relationships between O. pugnax captures and rice yield and quality parameters, including panicle weight, head yield (% whole kernels), and peck (discolored grains). Mean O. pugnax sweep net captures across all sampling dates in both years were significantly and negatively correlated to panicle weight and head yield and positively correlated to percentage peck. Peck was negatively correlated with head yield. Results from sampling at different maturity stages indicate sweep net captures at grain fill and soft dough stages had the greatest influence on rice yield and quality parameters, respectively. Further research into impacts of milling quality reductions on farm revenue and the influence of cumulative infestations over grain development is needed to improve economic thresholds for O. pugnax in rice.

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