Phenotyping for waterlogging tolerance as a proxy for Phytophthora medicaginis resistance in chickpea

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) caused by the soil-borne oomycete Phytophthora medicaginis is a significant constraint to chickpea (Cicer aretinium) production across the northern grains region of Australia. In flooded soil, which is conducive to PRR disease development, up to 70% yield loss can occur in the most resistant Australian cultivars. Incorporating waterlogging tolerance in soybean (Glycine max) has been shown to improve quantitative resistance to Phytophthora sojae. Root growth of three chickpea genotypes were assessed at the seedling stage under waterlogging, PRR and the combination of these abiotic and biotic constraints. Levels of waterlogging tolerance in chickpea are inherently low; yet selected genotypes displayed variability in root traits linked to improved waterlogging tolerance. The PRR moderately susceptible chickpea cultivar Yorker and PRR very susceptible Rupali demonstrated an eight-fold increase in early adventitious root growth from the epicotyl region under waterlogging stress, compared to the PRR resistant interspecific backcross genotype 04067-81-2-1-1 (C. echinospermum x C. aretinium*2). Selection for primary root depth, which was significantly greater in 04067-81-2-1-1 under waterlogging, appears to improve PRR resistance compared with root replacement traits. Soil-borne Phytophthora spp. are reportedly attracted to branch sites and leached exudates. We propose that compromised root barriers at emergence sites of adventitious roots under waterlogging conditions hasten hyphal entry, potentially increasing susceptibility to PRR. Hence, screening for root depth and absence of adventitious root development under waterlogged conditions may offer a novel proxy phenotyping method for PRR resistance traits at early stages of chickpea breeding.

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Cunninghamia lanceolata PSK Peptide Hormone Genes Promote Primary Root Growth and Adventitious Root Formation

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8110520 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 520 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hua Wu ◽

Renhua Zheng ◽

Zhaodong Hao ◽

Yan Meng ◽

Yuhao Weng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Root Formation ◽

Primary Root ◽

Cell Activity ◽

Peptide Hormone ◽

Adventitious Root Formation ◽

Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Transgenic Lines

Phytosulfokine-α (PSK-α) is a newly discovered short peptide that acts as a phytohormone in various plants. Previous studies have shown that PSK-α is critical for many biological processes in plants, such as cell division and differentiation, somatic embryogenesis, pollen germination and plant resistance. In this study, we cloned two PSK homolog genes from Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook (Chinese fir), ClPSK1 and ClPSK2, and characterized their function in root development. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that both ClPSK1 and ClPSK2 were expressed in vegetative organs, mainly in roots. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing ClPSK1 or ClPSK2 showed a higher frequency of adventitious root formation and increased root length. The expression of genes in Arabidopsis that are involved in stem cell activity (PLT1, PLT2 and WOX5), radial organization of the root (SHR and SCR) and cell cycle (CYCB1;1, CYCD4;1, CDKB1;1 and RBR) were significantly up-regulated, which may contribute to the elongation of the primary root and the formation of adventitious root in transgenic lines. Our results suggest that ClPSKs play an important role during root growth and development.

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Early Growth Effects of Flurazole as a Safener against Acetochlor in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500083211 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 740-745

Author(s):

Lucinda A. Jackson ◽

George Kapusta ◽

John H. Yopp

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Root System ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Primary Root ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Early Growth ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Primary Roots ◽

Primary Root Growth

Flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate] and acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] were examined in the laboratory and greenhouse for effects on grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘G-522 DR’]. Flurazole did not protect against acetochlor-induced inhibition of primary root growth when sorghum was grown in distilled water, but some safening occurred after 8 days when nutrients were available. Flurazole did not protect primary roots completely. In the presence of nutrients, however, flurazole stimulated growth of the mesocotyl roots and protected the second adventitious root system.

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High throughput phenotyping of root growth dynamics, lateral root formation, root architecture and root hair development enabled by PlaRoM

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp09167 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 36 (11) ◽

pp. 938 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Nima Yazdanbakhsh ◽

Joachim Fisahn

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Growth Kinetics ◽

Lateral Root ◽

Root Architecture ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Plant Root ◽

Primary Root ◽

Growth Media ◽

Root Extension ◽

Lateral Root Development

Plant organ phenotyping by non-invasive video imaging techniques provides a powerful tool to assess physiological traits and biomass production. We describe here a range of applications of a recently developed plant root monitoring platform (PlaRoM). PlaRoM consists of an imaging platform and a root extension profiling software application. This platform has been developed for multi parallel recordings of root growth phenotypes of up to 50 individual seedlings over several days, with high spatial and temporal resolution. PlaRoM can investigate root extension profiles of different genotypes in various growth conditions (e.g. light protocol, temperature, growth media). In particular, we present primary root growth kinetics that was collected over several days. Furthermore, addition of 0.01% sucrose to the growth medium provided sufficient carbohydrates to maintain reduced growth rates in extended nights. Further analysis of records obtained from the imaging platform revealed that lateral root development exhibits similar growth kinetics to the primary root, but that root hairs develop in a faster rate. The compatibility of PlaRoM with currently accessible software packages for studying root architecture will be discussed. We are aiming for a global application of our collected root images to analytical tools provided in remote locations.

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Long-distance blue light signalling regulates phosphate deficiency-induced primary root growth inhibition

Molecular Plant ◽

10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yi-Qun Gao ◽

Ling-Hua Bu ◽

Mei-Ling Han ◽

Ya-Ling Wang ◽

Zong-Yun Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Growth Inhibition ◽

Blue Light ◽

Primary Root ◽

Phosphate Deficiency ◽

Root Growth Inhibition ◽

Long Distance ◽

Light Signalling ◽

Primary Root Growth

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The Arabidopsis Root Tip (Phospho)Proteomes at Growth-Promoting versus Growth-Repressing Conditions Reveal Novel Root Growth Regulators

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10071665 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1665

Author(s):

Natalia Nikonorova ◽

Evan Murphy ◽

Cassio Flavio Fonseca de Lima ◽

Shanshuo Zhu ◽

Brigitte van de Cotte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Root Growth ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulation ◽

Phosphorylation Site ◽

Primary Root ◽

Root Tip ◽

Arabidopsis Root ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

The Impact

Auxin plays a dual role in growth regulation and, depending on the tissue and concentration of the hormone, it can either promote or inhibit division and expansion processes in plants. Recent studies have revealed that, beyond transcriptional reprogramming, alternative auxin-controlled mechanisms regulate root growth. Here, we explored the impact of different concentrations of the synthetic auxin NAA that establish growth-promoting and -repressing conditions on the root tip proteome and phosphoproteome, generating a unique resource. From the phosphoproteome data, we pinpointed (novel) growth regulators, such as the RALF34-THE1 module. Our results, together with previously published studies, suggest that auxin, H+-ATPases, cell wall modifications and cell wall sensing receptor-like kinases are tightly embedded in a pathway regulating cell elongation. Furthermore, our study assigned a novel role to MKK2 as a regulator of primary root growth and a (potential) regulator of auxin biosynthesis and signalling, and suggests the importance of the MKK2 Thr31 phosphorylation site for growth regulation in the Arabidopsis root tip.

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The Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 Gene Is Involved in Anisotropic Root Growth during Osmotic Stress Adaptation

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12020236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 236

Author(s):

María Belén Cuadrado-Pedetti ◽

Inés Rauschert ◽

María Martha Sainz ◽

Vítor Amorim-Silva ◽

Miguel Angel Botella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Osmotic Stress ◽

Root Growth ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Primary Root ◽

Stress Adaptation ◽

Elongation Zone ◽

Cortical Cells ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

The Mean

Mutations in the Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 (TTL1) gene cause reduced tolerance to osmotic stress evidenced by an arrest in root growth and root swelling, which makes it an interesting model to explore how root growth is controlled under stress conditions. We found that osmotic stress reduced the growth rate of the primary root by inhibiting the cell elongation in the elongation zone followed by a reduction in the number of cortical cells in the proximal meristem. We then studied the stiffness of epidermal cell walls in the root elongation zone of ttl1 mutants under osmotic stress using atomic force microscopy. In plants grown in control conditions, the mean apparent elastic modulus was 448% higher for live Col-0 cell walls than for ttl1 (88.1 ± 2.8 vs. 16.08 ± 6.9 kPa). Seven days of osmotic stress caused an increase in the stiffness in the cell wall of the cells from the elongation zone of 87% and 84% for Col-0 and ttl1, respectively. These findings suggest that TTL1 may play a role controlling cell expansion orientation during root growth, necessary for osmotic stress adaptation.

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