scholarly journals Polyfunctionality of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in health and disease: Implications for therapeutic interventions in cancer and immune‐mediated diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Poznansky ◽  
P. Reeves ◽  
C. Britton
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Single-cell biology to decode the immune cellular composition of kidney inflammation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Ulf Panzer ◽  
Stefan Bonn ◽  
Christian F. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
Rna Profiling ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractSingle-cell biology is transforming the ability of researchers to understand cellular signaling and identity across medical and biological disciplines. Especially for immune-mediated diseases, a single-cell look at immune cell subtypes, signaling, and activity might yield fundamental insights into the disease etiology, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of single-cell RNA profiling and their application to understand renal function in health and disease. With a focus on the immune system, in particular on T cells, we propose some key directions of understanding renal inflammation using single-cell approaches. We detail the benefits and shortcomings of the various technological approaches outlined and give advice on potential pitfalls and challenges in experimental setup and computational analysis. Finally, we conclude with a brief outlook into a promising future for single-cell technologies to elucidate kidney function.

scholarly journals The STING1 network regulates autophagy and cell death

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoxi Zhang ◽  
Rui Kang ◽  
Daolin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Type I ◽  
Autophagic Degradation ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

AbstractCell death and immune response are at the core of life. In past decades, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein STING1 (also known as STING or TMEM173) was found to play a fundamental role in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to DNA derived from invading microbial pathogens or damaged hosts by activating multiple transcription factors. In addition to this well-known function in infection, inflammation, and immunity, emerging evidence suggests that the STING1-dependent signaling network is implicated in health and disease by regulating autophagic degradation or various cell death modalities (e.g., apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, mitotic cell death, and immunogenic cell death [ICD]). Here, we outline the latest advances in our understanding of the regulating mechanisms and signaling pathways of STING1 in autophagy and cell death, which may shed light on new targets for therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals The Effects of AHCC®, a Standardized Extract of Cultured Lentinura edodes Mycelia, on Natural Killer and T Cells in Health and Disease: Reviews on Human and Animal Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Sun Shin ◽  
Hong-Jai Park ◽  
Takahiro Maeda ◽  
Hiroshi Nishioka ◽  
Hajime Fujii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease

Mushrooms have been used for various health conditions for many years by traditional medicines practiced in different regions of the world although the exact effects of mushroom extracts on the immune system are not fully understood. AHCC® is a standardized extract of cultured shiitake or Lentinula edodes mycelia (ECLM) which contains a mixture of nutrients including oligosaccharides, amino acids, and minerals obtained through liquid culture. AHCC® is reported to modulate the numbers and functions of immune cells including natural killer (NK) and T cells which play important roles in host defense, suggesting the possible implication of its supplementation in defending the host against infections and malignancies via modulating the immune system. Here, we review in vivo and in vitro effects of AHCC® on NK and T cells of humans and animals in health and disease, providing a platform for the better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms and clinical implications of AHCC®.

scholarly journals Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Quintero-Villegas ◽  
Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractIn mammalians, serotonin (5-HT) has critical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including mood stability, pain tolerance, or sleep patterns. However, the vast majority of serotonin is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract and circulating blood platelets, also acting outside of the CNS. Serotonin effects are mediated through its interaction with 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), a superfamily with a repertoire of at least fourteen well-characterized members. 5-HT7 receptors are the last 5-HTR member to be identified, with well-defined functions in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. The effects of serotonin on the immune response are less well understood. Mast cells are known to produce serotonin, while T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia express 5-HT7 receptor. Here, we review the known roles of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system, as well as their potential therapeutic implication in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.

The Gut Microbiome as a Regulator of the Neuroimmune Landscape

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis W. Yu ◽  
Gulistan Agirman ◽  
Elaine Y. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microbial Effects

The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

COVID-19 age-dependent immunology and clinical outcomes: implications for vaccines

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Azza Sarfraz ◽  
Saman Hasan Siddiqui ◽  
Junaid Iqbal ◽  
Syed Asad Ali ◽  
Zahra Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Geographic Differences

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Understanding the evolution of the virus, and immune-pathogenic processes are critical for designing future therapeutic interventions. In this review, we collate information on the structure, genome, viral life cycle, and adult and pediatric host immune responses in response to SARS-CoV-2. The immunological responses are a prototype of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis to explain the socio-geographic differences impacting the severity and mortality rates in SARS-CoV-2 infections. The DOHaD hypothesis identifies the relevance of trained innate immunity, age groups, and geography for effective vaccinations. As COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out, it may be pertinent to assess population-based immunological responses to understand the effectiveness and safety across different populations and age groups.

scholarly journals Immune-Mediated Inflammation: Human T CD4 Helper Lymphocyte Diversity and Plasticity in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Alberto Kölliker Frers ◽  
Matilde Otero-Losada ◽  
María Inés Herrera ◽  
Sabrina Porta ◽  
Vanesa Cosentino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helper Lymphocyte ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Revealing the Influences of Sex Hormones and Sex Differences in Atrial Fibrillation and Vascular Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8776
Author(s):  
Ya-Ting Chang ◽  
Yung-Lung Chen ◽  
Hong-Yo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Health And Disease

The impacts of sex differences on the biology of various organ systems and the influences of sex hormones on modulating health and disease have become increasingly relevant in clinical and biomedical research. A growing body of evidence has recently suggested fundamental sex differences in cardiovascular and cognitive function, including anatomy, pathophysiology, incidence and age of disease onset, symptoms affecting disease diagnosis, disease severity, progression, and treatment responses and outcomes. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently recognized as the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia and might contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), including a range of cognitive deficits, from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. In this review, we describe sex-based differences and sex hormone functions in the physiology of the brain and vasculature and the pathophysiology of disorders therein, with special emphasis on AF and VCI. Deciphering how sex hormones and their receptor signaling (estrogen and androgen receptors) potentially impact on sex differences could help to reveal disease links between AF and VCI and identify therapeutic targets that may lead to potentially novel therapeutic interventions early in the disease course of AF and VCI.

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