scholarly journals Immune-Mediated Inflammation: Human T CD4 Helper Lymphocyte Diversity and Plasticity in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Alberto Kölliker Frers ◽  
Matilde Otero-Losada ◽  
María Inés Herrera ◽  
Sabrina Porta ◽  
Vanesa Cosentino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helper Lymphocyte ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Single-cell biology to decode the immune cellular composition of kidney inflammation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Ulf Panzer ◽  
Stefan Bonn ◽  
Christian F. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
Rna Profiling ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractSingle-cell biology is transforming the ability of researchers to understand cellular signaling and identity across medical and biological disciplines. Especially for immune-mediated diseases, a single-cell look at immune cell subtypes, signaling, and activity might yield fundamental insights into the disease etiology, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of single-cell RNA profiling and their application to understand renal function in health and disease. With a focus on the immune system, in particular on T cells, we propose some key directions of understanding renal inflammation using single-cell approaches. We detail the benefits and shortcomings of the various technological approaches outlined and give advice on potential pitfalls and challenges in experimental setup and computational analysis. Finally, we conclude with a brief outlook into a promising future for single-cell technologies to elucidate kidney function.

scholarly journals The Effects of AHCC®, a Standardized Extract of Cultured Lentinura edodes Mycelia, on Natural Killer and T Cells in Health and Disease: Reviews on Human and Animal Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Sun Shin ◽  
Hong-Jai Park ◽  
Takahiro Maeda ◽  
Hiroshi Nishioka ◽  
Hajime Fujii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease

Mushrooms have been used for various health conditions for many years by traditional medicines practiced in different regions of the world although the exact effects of mushroom extracts on the immune system are not fully understood. AHCC® is a standardized extract of cultured shiitake or Lentinula edodes mycelia (ECLM) which contains a mixture of nutrients including oligosaccharides, amino acids, and minerals obtained through liquid culture. AHCC® is reported to modulate the numbers and functions of immune cells including natural killer (NK) and T cells which play important roles in host defense, suggesting the possible implication of its supplementation in defending the host against infections and malignancies via modulating the immune system. Here, we review in vivo and in vitro effects of AHCC® on NK and T cells of humans and animals in health and disease, providing a platform for the better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms and clinical implications of AHCC®.

scholarly journals Role of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Quintero-Villegas ◽  
Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractIn mammalians, serotonin (5-HT) has critical roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including mood stability, pain tolerance, or sleep patterns. However, the vast majority of serotonin is produced by intestinal enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract and circulating blood platelets, also acting outside of the CNS. Serotonin effects are mediated through its interaction with 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs), a superfamily with a repertoire of at least fourteen well-characterized members. 5-HT7 receptors are the last 5-HTR member to be identified, with well-defined functions in the nervous, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. The effects of serotonin on the immune response are less well understood. Mast cells are known to produce serotonin, while T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and microglia express 5-HT7 receptor. Here, we review the known roles of 5-HT7 receptors in the immune system, as well as their potential therapeutic implication in inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.

The Gut Microbiome as a Regulator of the Neuroimmune Landscape

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis W. Yu ◽  
Gulistan Agirman ◽  
Elaine Y. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microbial Effects

The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Immunology of pregnancy

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Positive Effect

The conceptual framework for reproductive immunology was put in place over 50 years ago when the survival of the fetal semi-allograft within an immunocompetent mother was first considered. During this time, a number of paradigms have emerged and the mechanisms receiving current attention are those related to immune tolerance, such as regulatory T-cells and indoleamine 2,3,-dioxygenase, and innate immunity, such as natural killer cells, trophoblast debris and inflammation. A key consideration is the temporal and spatial variation in any of these pathways (e.g. implantation v. parturition). As fetally derived trophoblasts are the semi-allogeneic cells with which the maternal immune system comes into contact, understanding the immune response to these cells is critical. There is much interest in the immunological pathways that support a healthy pregnancy and how they might be perturbed in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, there is increasing awareness that antenatal determinants of the immune function of pregnant women and their offspring have consequences for health and disease in childhood and beyond. Changes in maternal diet over recent decades coincide with the increasing prevalence of allergic and other immune-mediated diseases, and the modification of maternal diet has emerged as a strategy for disease prevention. Approaches undergoing trial at numerous sites around the world include dietary supplementation with fish oil and/or probiotics. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of any positive effect on disease outcomes should reveal further novel strategies for disease prevention.

scholarly journals The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the gut–brain axis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreia Barroso ◽  
João Vitor Mahler ◽  
Pedro Henrique Fonseca-Castro ◽  
Francisco J. Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Health And Disease

AbstractThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor initially identified as the receptor for dioxin. Almost half a century after its discovery, AHR is now recognized as a receptor for multiple physiological ligands, with important roles in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the role of AHR in the gut–brain axis and its potential value as a therapeutic target for immune-mediated diseases.

Sex Differences in Immunity

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Wilkinson ◽  
Ho-Chung Chen ◽  
Melissa G. Lechner ◽  
Maureen A. Su
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Strong epidemiological evidence now exists that sex is an important biologic variable in immunity. Recent studies, for example, have revealed that sex differences are associated with the severity of symptoms and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite this evidence, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying associations between sex differences and immune-mediated conditions. A growing body of experimental data has made significant inroads into understanding sex-influenced immune responses. As physicians seek to provide more targeted patient care, it is critical to understand how sex-defining factors (e.g., chromosomes, gonadal hormones) alter immune responses in health and disease. In this review, we highlight recent insights into sex differences in autoimmunity; virus infection, specifically severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection; and cancer immunotherapy. A deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms will allow the development of a sex-based approach to disease screening and treatment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Crosstalk between platelets and the complement system in immune protection and disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 910-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald F. Langer ◽  
Admar Verschoor
Keyword(s):  
Complement System ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Central Function ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
System Part ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Complement System

SummaryPlatelets have a central function in repairing vascular damage and stopping acute blood loss. They are equally central to thrombus formation in cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. Beyond these classical prothrombotic diseases, immune mediated pathologies such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) or paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) also feature an increased tendency to form thrombi in various tissues. It has become increasingly clear that the complement system, part of the innate immune system, has an important role in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Not only does complement influence prothrombotic disease, it is equally involved in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), an autoimmune disease characterised by thrombocytopenia. Thus, there are complex interrelationships between the haemostatic and immune systems, and platelets and complement in particular. Not only does complement influence platelet diseases such as ITP, HUS and PNH, it also mediates interaction between microbes and platelets during systemic infection, influencing the course of infection and development of protective immunity. This review aims to provide an integrative overview of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between complement and platelets in health and disease.

Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document