scholarly journals Gender Differences in Anesthesiologists' Annual Incomes

2007 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Weeks ◽  
Amy E. Wallace ◽  
Todd A. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
White Male ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
White Female ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
Provider Characteristics ◽  
White Males ◽  
Practice Characteristics

Background Specialty, work effort, and gender have been shown to be associated with physicians' annual incomes; however, careful examination of the association between provider gender and annual income after correcting for other factors likely to influence income has not been conducted for anesthesiologists. Methods Survey responses collected throughout the 1990s from 819 actively practicing anesthesiologists and linear regression analysis were used to determine the association between provider gender and annual incomes after controlling for work effort, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics. Results White female anesthesiologists reported working 12% fewer annual hours than their white male counterparts. White female anesthesiologists had practiced medicine for fewer years than white males and were more likely to be employees, as opposed to having an ownership interest in the practice, but less likely to be board certified. After adjustment for work effort, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics, white females' mean annual income was 236,628 dollars, or 60,337 dollars (20%) lower than that for white males (95% confidence interval, 81,674 dollars lower to 39,001 dollars lower; P < 0.001). Conclusions During the 1990s, female gender was associated with lower annual incomes among anesthesiologists. These findings warrant further exploration to determine what factors might cause these gender-based income differences.

Sexual Fantasies, Attitudes and Behavior as a Function of Race, Gender and Religiosity

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. La Vome Robinson ◽  
Karen S. Calhoun
Keyword(s):  
White Male ◽  
Sexual Attitude ◽  
Black Female ◽  
White Female ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Sexual Fantasies ◽  
White Males ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Race, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and religiosity factors were examined as influence of sexual fantasies and their behavioral expression. Four groups of fifty undergraduate college students were administered Kilpatrick's Sexual Attitude and Behavior Survey (SABS): 1) black male; 2) black female; 3) white male; and 4) white female. A reliability estimate for the SABS was also obtained indicating adequacy for the scale. Results indicated significant differences between the racial groups for the Male Behavior, Female Fantasy, and Personal Fantasy attitudinal measures. Low church attenders were shown to be more sexually permissive than high church attenders. Also, some measures indicated significant sex differences, but no significant effect was found for SES in the ANOVA's. Interestingly, the only significant interactions (disordinal) revealed by the ANOVA's were race x religiosity. For all groups except the black female group, attitudes were found to be moderately correlated with behavior. Inconsistent with previous findings, white males were generally the most permissive group.

scholarly journals Newly detected rapid eye movement associated sleep apnea after coronavirus disease 2019 as a possible cause for chronic fatigue: two case reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Rembert Koczulla ◽  
Antje Stegemann ◽  
Rainer Gloeckl ◽  
Sandra Winterkamp ◽  
Bernd Sczepanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
White Male ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
White Female ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Pressure Therapy ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Case Presentations

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 has become a health problem spreading worldwide with pandemic characteristics since March 2020. Post coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms are more frequent than initially expected, with fatigue as an often-mentioned issue. Case presentations We describe a 32-year-old white male and a 55-year-old white female who suffered from post coronavirus disease 2019 fatigue syndrome. On polysomnography, rapid eye movement associated sleep apnea with an increased hypopnea index during rapid eye movement phases of 36.8 and 19.5 events per hour was found. Based on the patients’ burdensome fatigue symptoms, we initiated automatic positive airway pressure therapy, which diminished sleep apnea (rapid eye movement index: 0.0 in both patients) and, consequently, also the fatigue symptoms. Conclusions Since sleep apnea and coronavirus disease 2019 are both associated with fatigue, a screening for sleep apnea might be considered in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with fatigue syndrome.

Impoliteness in hip-hop music

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Delis
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black Male ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
White Male ◽  
White Female ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Social ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
And Gender

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the functionality of impoliteness strategies as rhetorical devices employed by acclaimed African American and White hip-hop artists. It focuses on the social and artistic function of the key discursive element of hip-hop, namely aggressive language. The data for this paper comprise songs of US African American and White performers retrieved from the November 2017 ‘TOP100 Chart’ for international releases on Spotify.com. A cursory look at the sub-corpora (Black male/ Black female/ White male/ White female artists’ sub-corpus) revealed the prominence of the ‘use taboo words’ impoliteness strategy. The analysis of impoliteness instantiations by considering race and gender as determining factors in the lyrics selection process unveiled that both male groups use impoliteness strategies more frequently than female groups. It is also suggested that Black male and White female singers employ impoliteness to resist oppression, offer a counter-narrative about their own experience and self (re)presentation and reinforce in group solidarity.

THE ENDURING SIGNIFICANCE OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN MALE VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION, 1973–2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet L. Lauritsen ◽  
Karen Heimer ◽  
Joseph B. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
White Male ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractLatino and Black males are more likely to suffer serious violent victimization compared to White males, and it is likely that economic disadvantage and other individual level differences play a key role in these disparities. This study of self-reported data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1973–2010) is the first effort to assess three important issues: 1) the extent to which the relationship between serious violent victimization and race and ethnicity can be accounted for by age, location of residence, poverty status, and employment; 2) whether these factors have similar influences among Black, White, and Latino males; and 3) whether the net risk for violence associated with race and ethnicity has diminished over time. Our results show that disparities between Black and White male violent victimization decrease approximately 70% once age, location of residence, poverty status, and employment are taken into account, and that differences between Latinos and White males are fully accounted for by these factors. Poverty status is the only factor that varies in the strength of its association with violence across groups. We also find little evidence to suggest that the association between race, ethnicity and victimization risk changed significantly from 1973 to 2010, once other factors are considered. Despite notable declines in violence over this time period, Black and White disparities in male victimization persist over the past four decades; however, the relationship between poverty status and violence has increased some for Black and White males.

scholarly journals Determination of the cumulative and skin-resorptive action of the Zoodizin disinfectant

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (97) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
O. L. Nechyporenko ◽  
A. V. Berezovskyy ◽  
T. І. Fotina ◽  
R. V. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Skin Irritation ◽  
White Male ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
White Female ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Single Effect

The rational organization and implementation of effective disinfection activities plays an important role in the complex of measures for the prevention of infections. The development and introduction of new disinfectants into production is an urgent issue of modern poultry farming. When developing a disinfectant, it is important to determine the cumulative effect of the drug. The purpose of the study was to determine the cumulative and skin-resorptive action of the disinfectant “Zoоdizin”. For the toxicological study of the drug used healthy white male rats and white female rats weighing 200 ± 10 g 1.5 years of age. To study the toxicity of the drug “Zoоdizin” when applied to the skin used the method of immersion of the tails of rats in a test tube with the test substance. The tail was injected 2/3 into a regular tube with a 5 % solution of the drug “Zoоdizin”. The tube was closed with a cork ring whose diameter was slightly larger than the tail diameter. For 15 days, the tubes were placed daily in a water bath at 28–30 °C for 2 hours. Control animals tails were immersed in distilled water. To establish the local action of the drug “Zoodizin” on the mucous membranes of the study drug was introduced into the conjunctival sac of the right eye of the rabbit at a dose of 50 mg, and in the left eye was buried saline in a volume of 0,05 cm3. When studying the cumulative effect of Zoоdizin, no significant changes in the biochemical parameters in the serum of rats were observed. In the study of possible irritant or damaging effect on the skin and the development of contact non-allergic dermatitis found that a single application of disinfectant “Zoоdizin” on the unaffected skin of the back of white rats in the maximum significant recommended concentration of working solutions (2 %) did not cause signs. The single effect of the drug on the intact areas of the skin did not cause skin irritation, but it can be stated that prolonged daily epicutaneous exposure of high concentration (5 %) of the solution of the drug “Zoоdizin”, which is 2.5 times higher than the maximum recommended concentration, caused a general resorption. When assessing the cumulative properties, it was taken into account that the total dose administered to rats was Zodizin 42000 mg/kg body weight and did not result in animal death. It did not allow to calculate the cumulative coefficients for the “lethal effect”. A single effect of the product on the intact areas of the skin did not cause skin irritation, but it can be stated that prolonged daily epicutaneous exposure of a high concentration (5 %) of the Zodizin solution, which is 2.5 times the maximum recommended concentration, caused a general resorption. In the future, it is planned to study the virulidal properties of the biocide “Zoоdizin”.

Racial Differences in Time at Work Not Working

ILR Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 001979392110638
Author(s):  
William A. Darity ◽  
Darrick Hamilton ◽  
Samuel L. Myers ◽  
Gregory N. Price ◽  
Man Xu
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
White Male ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Survey Estimates ◽  
Wage Earnings ◽  
Response Errors

Racial differences in effort at work, if they exist, can potentially explain race-based wage/earnings disparities in the labor market. The authors estimate specifications of time spent on non-work activities at work by Black and White males and females with data from the American Time Use Survey. Estimates reveal that trivially small differences occur between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White males in time spent not working while on the job that disappear entirely when correcting for non-response errors. The findings imply that Black–White male differences in the fraction of the workday spent not working are either not large enough to partially explain the Black–White wage gap, or simply do not exist at all.

“He Is Psychotic and Always Will Be”

2019 ◽  
pp. 153-189
Author(s):  
Martin Summers
Keyword(s):  
Black Male ◽  
White Male ◽  
Clinical Encounter ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Female ◽  
Medical Surveillance ◽  
Institutional Management ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Somatic Therapies

This chapter continues an examination of the superintendency of William Alanson White but offers a more granular discussion of how ideas about racial difference shaped the clinical encounter in the era of dynamic psychiatry. Specifically, it looks at how Saint Elizabeths’ staff applied particular somatic “therapies”—including seclusion, restraint, and hydrotherapy—to black female, white female, black male, and white male patients. It also argues that the clinical staff’s limited psychotherapeutic engagement with African American patients was further undermined by two things. One was the psychiatrists’ assumptions about the inaccessibility of the black psyche—either because of the absolute cultural foreignness or natural duplicity of African Americans. The other was their tendency to prioritize black patients’ rehabilitation as laborers. Finally, the chapter looks at the quotidian ways that patients exerted their agency in the clinical encounter by resisting medical surveillance and institutional management.

scholarly journals Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) terminating in multiple myeloma: report of two cases

Blood ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Kough ◽  
AZ Makary
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
White Male ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
White Female ◽  
Pathologic Fractures

Abstract Two cases of multiple myeloma (MM) developed late in the course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). An 81-yr-old white female developed, after 6 yr of CLL, IgAk MM with sheets of plasma cells abutting sheets of lymphocytes in the bone marrow, multiple pathologic fractures, and 0.26 g/24 free k light chains in the urine. A 74-yr-old white male developed, after 16 yr of CLL, k light chain MM with 20% plasma cells in the bone marrow, multiple panthologic fractures, and 3.7 g/24 hr free k light chains in the urine. In both cases the CLL had responded well to intermittent low-dose chlorambucil therapy, but the MM failed to respond to cyclic melphalanprednisone therapy. A review of 105 cases of CLL seen at the Geisinger Medical Center failed to turn up any other cases of MM developing during the course of CLL. The suggestion that there is an increased prevalence of MM in CLL is an attractive one because both diseases are B cell neoplasms and because of the increased frequency of asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies in CLL found by others.

scholarly journals The Management of two Cases of “Spontaneous” Factor VIII Inhibitors with high Dose Cyclophosphamide

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. Gomperts
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
White Male ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
White Female ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Excessive Bleeding ◽  
Antigenic Stimulus ◽  
Inhibitor Level ◽  
Fresh Plasma ◽  
Antigenic Load

Two patients with excessive bleeding associated with “spontaneous” Factor VIII inhibitors were studied. The first, a White male aged 52 years, was treated with high dosage cyclophosphamide and steroids together with plasmapheresis. An antigenic stimulus via concentrate and fresh plasma was given together with the stat dose of cyclophosphamide (1.6gm) together with prednisolone 60mg/day. Repeat plasmopheresis was carried out on two subsequent occasions shortly thereafter. The inhibitor level dropped progressively from 6.6 u/ml to almost unrecordable levels. However, escape from control was associated with the onset of hepatitis. Further therapy with an identical form of treatment failed to subsequently modify the inhibitor level which rose progressively to very high levels. In the second case, a White female aged 79 years, plasmapheresis was not carried out (inhibitor level 2.0 u/ml). Cyclophosphamide and prednisone were given in doses of 20 mg/Kg and 60 mg/day respectively. A Factor VIII antigenic load was given 24 hours before the cyclosphosphamide. Two subsequent cyclophosphamide pulses of similar dosage were given at approximately 10 day intervals without an antigenic stimulus. The patient was then maintained on a small daily dose of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/day). The inhibitor level responded to this therapy resulting in disappearance of the inhibitor and a progressive rise in the Factor VIII to levels greater than normal (170%). Our experience with these two cases suggests that a more rational approach to immunotherapy in the second case resulted in a sustained satisfactory immunosuppressive response.

Factors influencing the outcome of goniotomy and trabeculotomy in primary congenital glaucoma

2019 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2018-313387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine El Sayed ◽  
Amanne Esmael ◽  
Nader Mettias ◽  
Zeinab El Sanabary ◽  
Ghada Gawdat
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Congenital Glaucoma ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Primary Congenital Glaucoma ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age At Surgery

PurposeTo study the prognostic factors influencing intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and success rates of paediatric goniotomy and trabeculotomy.PatientsData from patients aged ≤12 years who underwent goniotomy or trabeculotomy for primary congenital glaucoma from 2013 to 2016 were reviewed. The analysis included 452 eyes of which 120 eyes of patients with a median age (IQR) of 6 months (4.1–11 months) underwent goniotomy, and 332 eyes of patients with a median age of 5.2 months (2.3–9.3 months) underwent trabeculotomy.MethodsMultivariate linear regression analysis was used to predict the correlation of preoperative and operative risk factors to the per cent IOP reduction, while multivariate logistic regression was done to determine independent predictors of failure. Failure was defined as a final IOP >18 mm Hg while on medications or the need for another glaucoma procedure.ResultsIn the goniotomy group, the median IOP reduction was 19.4% and was positively correlated to a high initial IOP (p≤0.001) while in the trabeculotomy group, it was 36.8% and mostly influenced by preoperative IOP (p≤0.001), corneal clarity (p=0.04), gender (p=0.04) and consanguinity (p=0.03). The failure rate in the goniotomy group was 56% and was influenced by the preoperative cup-to-disc ratio, while in the trabeculotomy group it was 30% and strongly correlated to positive consanguinity (p≤0.001), higher preoperative IOP (p=0.003), female gender (p=0.01) and younger age at surgery (p=0.03).ConclusionSeveral factors can predict the outcome of angle surgery and can help in deciding the appropriate surgical intervention in paediatric glaucoma. Trabeculotomy seems to be superior to goniotomy in primary congenital glaucoma.

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