scholarly journals Environmental risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis among cattle in high-risk areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 20150536 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Winkler ◽  
F. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Deciduous Woodland ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Control Study

Our research shows that environmental features are important predictors of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in British cattle herds in high-prevalence regions. Data from 503 case and 808 control farms included in the randomized badger culling trial (RBCT) were analysed. bTB risk increased in larger herds and on farms with greater areas of maize, deciduous woodland and marsh, whereas a higher percentage of boundaries composed of hedgerows decreased the risk. The model was tested on another case–control study outside RBCT areas, and here it had a much smaller predictive power. This suggests that different infection dynamics operate outside high-risk areas, although it is possible that unknown confounding factors may also have played a role.

scholarly journals Localized reactive badger culling increases risk of bovine tuberculosis in nearby cattle herds

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavie Vial ◽  
Christl A. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Local Risk ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Livestock Diseases ◽  
Control Study

Human and livestock diseases can be difficult to control where infection persists in wildlife populations. Control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in British cattle is complicated by the maintenance of Mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bTB) in badgers, acting as reservoirs of infection. Although over 20 000 badgers were culled to control bTB between 1975 and 1997, the incidence of bTB in cattle has substantially increased in parts of Great Britain in recent decades. Our case-control study, involving 1208 cattle herds, provides further evidence of the detrimental effect of localized reactive badger culling in response to the disclosure of a confirmed bTB herd breakdown in cattle. The presence of any reactive badger culling activity and increased numbers of badgers culled in the vicinity of a herd were associated with significantly increased bTB risk, even after adjusting for other important local risk factors. Such findings may partly explain why some earlier localized approaches to bTB control were ineffective.

scholarly journals Risk factors of acute diarrhoea in summer – a nation-wide French case-control study

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. YAZDANPANAH ◽  
L. BEAUGERIE ◽  
P. Y. BOËLLE ◽  
L. LETRILLIART ◽  
J. C. DESENCLOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
National Level ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Case Control ◽  
French Case ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Control Study

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for acute diarrhoea (AD) during the summer in France. A matched case-control study was conducted at a national level among patients of 500 general practitioners (GPs). From July to September 1996, 468 case-control pairs were included. Cases were more likely than controls (i) to live away from their main residence (OR 3·0; 95% CI 1·6–5·7), (ii) to have returned from a country at high risk of AD (OR 4·6; CI 0·9–23·1), and (iii) to have been in contact with a case of AD (OR 2·0; CI 1·3–3·1). A significantly decreased risk of AD was found for consumption of well-cooked chicken (OR 0·5; CI 0·3–0·8) and raw or undercooked home-made egg-containing products (OR 0·6; CI 0·4–0·8). These findings suggest that travel to high-risk areas, or travel within France, and being in contact with a case of AD, are risk factors for the occurrence of AD in summer in France.

Farm-scale risk factors for bovine tuberculosis incidence in cattle herds during the Randomized Badger Culling Trial

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. MILL ◽  
S. P. RUSHTON ◽  
M. D. F. SHIRLEY ◽  
A. W. A. MURRAY ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYWe analysed the incidence of cattle herd breakdowns due to bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in relation to experimental badger culling, badger populations and farm characteristics during the Randomized Badger Culling Trial (RBCT). Mixed modelling and event history analysis were used to examine the individual risk factors. The interdependencies of covariates were examined using structural equation modelling. There were consistent findings among the different analyses demonstrating that during a badger culling programme farms experiencing: reactive culling, larger herd sizes, larger holdings and holdings with multiple parcels of land were all at greater risk of a herd breakdown. Proactive culling reduced risks within the culling area, but we did not assess any potential effects in the periphery of the treatment area. Badger-related variables measured prior to the start of culling (number of social groups and length of badger territorial boundaries) did not consistently point to an increase in risk, when set against a background of ongoing badger culling. This could be because (1) the collected variables were not important to risk in cattle, or (2) there were insufficient data to demonstrate their importance. Our findings highlight the difficulty in identifying simple predictors of spatial variation in transmission risks from badger populations and the consequent challenge of tailoring management actions to any such field data.

scholarly journals Assessing effects from four years of industry-led badger culling in England on the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, 2013–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara H. Downs ◽  
Alison Prosser ◽  
Adam Ashton ◽  
Stuart Ashfield ◽  
Lucy A. Brunton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Farming Industry

Abstract The objective was to measure the association between badger culling and bovine tuberculosis (TB) incidents in cattle herds in three areas of England between 2013–2017 (Gloucestershire and Somerset) and 2015–2017 (Dorset). Farming industry-selected licensed culling areas were matched to comparison areas. A TB incident was detection of new Mycobacterium bovis infection (post-mortem confirmed) in at least one animal in a herd. Intervention and comparison area incidence rates were compared in central zones where culling was conducted and surrounding buffer zones, through multivariable Poisson regression analyses. Central zone incidence rates in Gloucestershire (Incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.34 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.39, p < 0.001) and Somerset (IRR 0.63 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.69, p < 0.001) were lower and no different in Dorset (IRR 1.10, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.27, p = 0.168) than comparison central zone rates. The buffer zone incidence rate was lower for Gloucestershire (IRR 0.64, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.70, p < 0.001), no different for Somerset (IRR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.16, p = 0.767) and lower for Dorset (IRR 0.45, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.54, p < 0.001) than comparison buffer zone rates. Industry-led culling was associated with reductions in cattle TB incidence rates after four years but there were variations in effects between areas.

scholarly journals The Pooled Diagnostic Accuracy of Neuroimaging, General Movements, and Neurological Examination for Diagnosing Cerebral Palsy Early in High-Risk Infants: A Case Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Morgan ◽  
Domenico M. Romeo ◽  
Olena Chorna ◽  
Iona Novak ◽  
Claire Galea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Neurological Examination ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
General Movements ◽  
High Risk Infants ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: Clinical guidelines recommend using neuroimaging, Prechtls’ General Movements Assessment (GMA), and Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) to diagnose cerebral palsy (CP) in infancy. Previous studies provided excellent sensitivity and specificity for each test in isolation, but no study has examined the pooled predictive power for early diagnosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective case-control study of 441 high-risk infants born between 2003 and 2014, from three Italian hospitals. Infants with either a normal outcome, mild disability, or CP at two years, were matched for birth year, gender, and gestational age. Three-month HINE, GMA, and neuroimaging were retrieved from medical records. Logistic regression was conducted with log-likelihood and used to determine the model fit and Area Under the Curve (AUC) for accuracy. Results: Sensitivity and specificity for detecting CP were 88% and 62% for three-month HINE, 95% and 97% for absent fidgety GMs, and 79% and 99% for neuroimaging. The combined predictive power of all three assessments gave sensitivity and specificity values of 97.86% and 99.22% (PPV 98.56%, NPV 98.84%). Conclusion: CP can be accurately detected in high-risk infants when these test findings triangulate. Clinical implementation of these tools is likely to reduce the average age when CP is diagnosed, and intervention is started.

scholarly journals Identifying high-risk areas for nonfatal opioid overdose: a spatial case-control study using EMS run data

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Pesarsick ◽  
Melody Gwilliam ◽  
Olayemi Adeniran ◽  
Toni Rudisill ◽  
Gordon Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoyao Zhang ◽  
Xiuqin Bao ◽  
Jiaxin Yan ◽  
Hualing Miao ◽  
Cheng Guo
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Late Period ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Risk Areas

Background: The novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has spread rapidly worldwide and poses a global health threat.Aims: This study assessed the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese students during the COVID-19 pandemic and explored potential moderating factors.Methods: We searched English and Chinese databases using pertinent keywords for articles published and unpublished, up until November 2020. The estimate of the overall prevalence of anxiety and depression was conducted through a random-effects model.Results: A total of 31 cross-sectional studies were included. The overall prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese students during the COVID-19 pandemic was 24.0% (95% CI [20.0–29.0%]) and 22.0% (95% CI [18.0–27.0%]) respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that Chinese middle school students were at heightened risk of anxiety, while university students were at heightened risk of depression. Students who lived in higher-risk areas presented severe anxiety and depression, especially during the late period of the COVID-19 epidemic.Conclusions: Overall, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a high prevalence of anxiety in Chinese students and a high prevalence of depression among Chinese students in high-risk areas. Therefore, comprehensive and targeted psychological interventions should be developed to address the mental health of students in different grades, especially in high-risk areas and during the late period of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals The Effect of Badger Culling on Breakdown Prolongation and Recurrence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle Herds in Great Britain

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. e51342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Karolemeas ◽  
Christl A. Donnelly ◽  
Andrew J. K. Conlan ◽  
Andrew P. Mitchell ◽  
Richard S. Clifton-Hadley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Cattle Herds

scholarly journals Estimates for local and movement-based transmission of bovine tuberculosis in British cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1638) ◽  
pp. 1001-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren M Green ◽  
Istvan Z Kiss ◽  
Andrew P Mitchell ◽  
Rowland R Kao
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Broad Agreement ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Cattle Movements ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Best Fit

Both badgers and livestock movements have been implicated in contributing to the ongoing epidemic of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in British cattle. However, the relative contributions of these and other causes are not well quantified. We used cattle movement data to construct an individual (premises)-based model of BTB spread within Great Britain, accounting for spread due to recorded cattle movements and other causes. Outbreak data for 2004 were best explained by a model attributing 16% of herd infections directly to cattle movements, and a further 9% unexplained, potentially including spread from unrecorded movements. The best-fit model assumed low levels of cattle-to-cattle transmission. The remaining 75% of infection was attributed to local effects within specific high-risk areas. Annual and biennial testing is mandatory for herds deemed at high risk of infection, as is pre-movement testing from such herds. The herds identified as high risk in 2004 by our model are in broad agreement with those officially designated as such at that time. However, border areas at the edges of high-risk regions are different, suggesting possible areas that should be targeted to prevent further geographical spread of disease. With these areas expanding rapidly over the last decade, their close surveillance is important to both identify infected herds quickly, and limit their further growth.

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