scholarly journals The loud scratch: a newly identified gesture of Sumatran orangutan mothers in the wild

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 20190209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlen Fröhlich ◽  
Kevin Lee ◽  
Tatang Mitra Setia ◽  
Caroline Schuppli ◽  
Carel P. van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Attentional State ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Sumatran Orangutan ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Signal Use ◽  
The Relationship

The communicative function of primates' self-directed behaviours like scratching has gained increasing attention in recent years, but their intentional use is still debated. Here, we addressed this issue by exploring the communicative function of ‘loud scratches’ in wild Sumatran orangutans. Building on previous studies in chimpanzees, we examined the prediction that audio-visual loud scratches are used communicatively in mother–infant travel coordination. Specifically, we examined whether individual, social and scratch features affected the use of pre-move scratches, markers of intentional signal use and approach responses. We analysed a total of 1457 scratching bouts, produced by 17 individuals (including four mothers and their dependent offspring) observed during 305 h of focal follows. Overall, we found that scratching bouts preceded departure mainly when these were produced by mothers and showed features of exaggeration. If the scratching individual was a mother, associates were more likely to be visually attentive during pre-move scratches than in other contexts. Approach or follow responses to scratches by individuals in association were predicted by context, the relationship with the scratcher (i.e. offspring) and the associate's attentional state. We conclude that orangutan mothers use loud scratches as communicative strategies to coordinate joint travel with their infants.

An ecological explanation for hyperallometric scaling of reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomos Potter ◽  
Anja Felmy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn wild populations, large individuals have disproportionately higher reproductive output than smaller individuals. We suggest an ecological explanation for this observation: asymmetry within populations in rates of resource assimilation, where greater assimilation causes both increased reproduction and body size. We assessed how the relationship between size and reproduction differs between wild and lab-reared Trinidadian guppies. We show that (i) reproduction increased disproportionately with body size in the wild but not in the lab, where effects of resource competition were eliminated; (ii) in the wild, the scaling exponent was greatest during the wet season, when resource competition is strongest; and (iii) detection of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction is inevitable if individual differences in assimilation are ignored. We propose that variation among individuals in assimilation – caused by size-dependent resource competition, niche expansion, and chance – can explain patterns of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction in natural populations.

Into the wild: developing field tests to examine the link between elasmobranch personality and laterality

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1777-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan E. Byrnes ◽  
Catarina Vila Pouca ◽  
Sherrie L. Chambers ◽  
Culum Brown
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Port Jackson ◽  
The Relationship

The field of animal personality has received considerable attention in past decades, yet few studies have examined personality in the wild. This study investigated docility, a measure of boldness, in two Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) populations using field tests, and if laterality differences explained docility levels. We developed a struggle test as an assay for docility, which is particularly amenable to field studies. The struggle test was effective, and repeatable inter-individual docility differences were observed. Sex, but not population, influenced docility scores, with male sharks being less docile than females. This difference is likely due to the contrasting role each sex plays during mating. We also found individualized lateralization. However, no individual-level relationship between lateralization and docility was detected. Despite reported links between laterality and some personality traits, the relationship between laterality and boldness remains inconclusive in sharks. Further studies will prove essential to clarify the mechanisms behind personality traits in vertebrates.

Controlling for Pongoland

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-193
Author(s):  
Nicolas Langlitz
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Truth Claims ◽  
Cultural Primatology ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opening Up

This chapter investigates how Christophe Boesch's colleague and codirector Michael Tomasello derived truth claims about the anthropological difference between Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes from controlled experiments comparing the social cognition of human children with that of grown chimpanzees. Tomasello's claim that humans were the only primates capable of culture and cooperation received an enthusiastic reception by German philosophers. Yet Boesch called into question the validity of Tomasello's findings by pointing out that the social behavior of both humans and apes was too contingent on local circumstances for Leipzig kindergarten children and zoo chimpanzees rescued from a Dutch pharmaceutical company to represent all of humanity and chimpanzeehood. He accused Tomasello of not controlling for the different conditions under which Tomasello tested humans and apes. The ensuing controversy over the relationship between laboratory work and fieldwork happened at a time when new statistical methods were opening up vast new possibilities for chimpanzee ethnography, even fostering hopes that experimentation with captive animals would become superfluous because uncontrolled observations in the wild would allow the establishment of causal relations. The chapter then assesses whether Boesch's cultural primatology could inform a different philosophical anthropology than the one drawing from Tomasello's comparative psychology.

Taxonomic studies on Ophiorrhiza in Vietnam I: Ophiorrhiza hiepii and O. hainanensis, a new species and new record from northern Vietnam

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 429 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
WEN-JIAN LIU ◽  
QI GAO ◽  
KHANG SINH NGUYEN ◽  
DZU VAN NGUYEN ◽  
LEI WU
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Record ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Floral Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A New Species

Ophiorrhiza hiepii and O. hainanensis are reported as a new species and a new record for Vietnam respectively. O. hiepii is morphologically similar to O. subrubescens but differs by its smaller habit, usually unbranched stems, fewer secondary veins, umbelliform and sub-congested cymes, shorter corolla tubes and shorter stigma lobes in short-styled flowers. The mature flowers of O. hainanensis, which were unknown before, were measured in the wild for supplemental description of its floral characters. Additionally, the relationship between O. hainanensis and O. nutans, two easily confused species is clarified.

Haemoproteusinfected birds have increased lifetime reproductive success

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 1033-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ZYLBERBERG ◽  
E. P. DERRYBERRY ◽  
C. W. BREUNER ◽  
E. A. MACDOUGALL-SHACKLETON ◽  
J. M. CORNELIUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Return Rates ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThe impact of haematozoan infection on host fitness has received substantial attention since Hamilton and Zuk posited that parasites are important drivers of sexual selection. However, short-term studies testing the assumption that these parasites consistently reduce host fitness in the wild have produced contradictory results. To address this complex issue, we conducted a long-term study examining the relationship between naturally occurring infection withHaemoproteusandPlasmodium, and lifetime reproductive success and survival of Mountain White-crowned Sparrows. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that birds infected with haematozoan parasites have reduced survival (as determined by overwinter return rates) and reproductive success. Contrary to expectation, there was no relationship betweenHaemoproteusandPlasmodiuminfection and reproduction or survival in males, nor was there a relationship betweenPlasmodiuminfection and reproduction in females. Interestingly,Haemoproteus-infected females had significantly higher overwinter return rates and these females fledged more than twice as many chicks during their lifetimes as did uninfected females. We discuss the impact of parasitic infections on host fitness in light of these findings and suggest that, in the case of less virulent pathogens, investment in excessive immune defence may decrease lifetime reproduction.

scholarly journals Involvement of CO2 generated by urease in multiplication of Helicobacter pylori

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 045-053
Author(s):  
Masaaki Minami ◽  
Shin-nosuke Hashikawa ◽  
Takafumi Ando ◽  
Hiroshi Kobayashi ◽  
Hidemi Goto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Neutral Medium ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Relationship

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) urease generates both ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from urea. NH3 helps H. pylori to survive in the stomach in part by neutralizing gastric acid. However, the relationship between CO2 and H. pylori is not completed cleared. We examined the effect of CO2 generated by urease on multiplication of H. pylori by using isogenic ureB mutant and ureB complemented strain from H. pylori strain JP26. Wild-type strain survived in the medium supplement with 1mM urea in room air, however, the urease negative strain did not. To discern whether CO2 was incorporated into H. pylori, 14C in bacillus was counted after 6 hours incubation with 14C urea in both acidic and neutral medium. Significant more 14C uptake was detected in wild-type strain compared to ureB mutant strain and this uptake in the wild-type strain was more under acidic condition compared to under neutral condition, but no difference was identified in the mutant strain. These results suggest that CO2 generated by urease plays a role in multiplication of H. pylori.

scholarly journals FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION UNITS - PHRASEOLOGICAL COMBINATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
F. Orazbaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Individual Study ◽  
Linguistic Communication ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Features Importance

The article discusses communicative units, which are the main indicators of linguistic communication, and also describes the functions, features, importance and place of communicative units in communication. Communicative units of the language are words, sentences, text and phraseological units, each of which requires individual study. Accordingly, the article examines the relationship of phraseological units with the communicative, emotional and expressive functions of the language. Focusing on the types of phrases and idioms of the phraseology of the Kazakh language, their similarities and differences were identified. The opinions of scientists about the semantic meaning, cognitive, emotional, expressive shades of phraseological expressions are analyzed, examples are given. The features, use, methods of creating phraseological units with the quality of personalization are analyzed. The communicative activity of phraseological units, the positive cognitive function, the pragmatic purpose of the sentence were studied. Phraseological phrases are grouped by communicative function.

scholarly journals Commentary On "Beyond Time-on-Task: The Relationship Between Spaced Study and Certification in MOOCs"

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary A Pardos
Keyword(s):  
Spacing Effect ◽  
Empirical Finding ◽  
Distributed Practice ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Psychology Literature ◽  
The Relationship

In Miyamoto et al. (2015, this issue) the authors looked to substantiate the presence of the spacing effect, referenced from the Psychology literature, in several MOOCs. Their secondary analyses constituted a robust, empirical finding on the correspondence between session distribution and certification but with only a coarse, analogous relationship to the theory of distributed practice. This article underscores the difficulty of validating theory and inferring causation from data produced in the wild but also the resultant rigor necessitated by this difficulty.

scholarly journals Behavioral and Personality Effects ona Cooperative Task for Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Dyads

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly C. Bagley ◽  
Kelley Winship ◽  
Teri Bolton ◽  
Preston Foerder
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Social Communities ◽  
Social Species ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
Human Care ◽  
The Relationship

Social species can depend on each other for survival, helping in rearing of young, predator defense, and foraging. Personality dynamics between individuals may influence cooperative behaviors. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) live in social communities and cooperate with other conspecifics to achieve goals both in the wild and in human care. We investigated the role that personality plays in the willingness of dolphins to work together. We tested five bottlenose dolphin pairs at the Roatan Institute for Marine Sciences, Honduras, with an apparatus previously used to experimentally test dolphin cooperation. Personality profiles of each dolphin were created using surveys completed by the caretakers, in particular noting two different categories of interactions: dolphin to dolphin and dolphin to world. We hypothesized that dyadic success in the cooperative task would differ based on specific personality traits of individuals. We also hypothesized that the most successful dyads would show similar types of conspecific sociality and different means of interacting with objects. Although none of the dolphin pairs cooperated to open the apparatus, individual personalities were analyzed in relation to the dolphins’ individual and mutual interactions with the apparatus as well as the pairs’ social behaviors. Playfulness, curiosity, and affiliation as well as agreeableness, and extraversion were positively related to affiliation with the apparatus and each other. These findings suggest that certain aspects of personality are indicative of affiliation or interaction by an individual dolphin. These results could guide future animal research on the relationship between personality, social interactions, and problem-solving.

scholarly journals Semiótica de la Marca como herramienta para innovar en pymes de Colombia / Branding Semiotics, tips to Innovate in SMEs in Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Mireya Barón Pulido ◽  
Gabriel Lotero Echeverri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Organizational Communication ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Quantitative Phase ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe mass media and multitasking (Piscitelli, 2009) society requires from the manager to consider the relationship and impact of what his brand communicates. The design of online communicative strategies and their link to consultancy models (Pfefferman, 2011) – where the manager himself becomes the entrepreneur of his own organization — becomes the strength of the branding communication of the organization (Capriotti, P., 2009). The paper exposes the research findings obtained from the study done with small and medium enterprisess (SMEs) in Medellin and Bogotá (Colombia). This qualitative research examines the organizations capabilities toward the appropriation of opportunities on behalf of digital communication. Finally it makes a consultancy proposal addressed to pymes entrepreneurs from the perspective which considers the “Enterprise as a sign and as a semiosis”. It is claimed that if something is not communicated it will not generate any reminder at the level of the client. The results research -which compiles Medellin and Bogotá data- are published upon two products: A book to the organizational communication field, and a multimedia guide to business owners. It is a qualitative studio but with a quantitative phase, applying survey forms.RESUMENLa sociedad mediática y “multitasking” (Piscitelli, 2009) demanda al empresario tener en cuenta la relación e impacto de lo que comunica su marca en el entorno. El diseño de estrategias comunicativas on line, y su vinculación a modelos de consultoría (Pfefferman, N., 2011) se convierte en fortalezas en la comunicación de la marca de la organización (Capriotti, P, 2009). En el texto se exponen los resultados de una investigación con pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes) de Medellín y Bogotá (Colombia), realizada como un estudio cualitativo, que se propone indagar por las capacidades de las organizaciones para la apropiación de las oportunidades que representa la comunicación digital. Finalmente, se plantea una propuesta de consultoría a los empresarios de pymes, desde el enfoque que reconoce a la “Empresa como signo y semiosis”, es decir, lo que no se comunica no genera recordación en el cliente.

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