Evidence for individual discrimination and numerical assessment in collective antipredator behaviour in wild jackdaws (
            Corvus monedula
            )

Collective responses to threats occur throughout the animal kingdom but little is known about the cognitive processes underpinning them. Antipredator mobbing is one such response. Approaching a predator may be highly risky, but the individual risk declines and the likelihood of repelling the predator increases in larger mobbing groups. The ability to appraise the number of conspecifics involved in a mobbing event could therefore facilitate strategic decisions about whether to join. Mobs are commonly initiated by recruitment calls, which may provide valuable information to guide decision-making. We tested whether the number of wild jackdaws responding to recruitment calls was influenced by the number of callers. As predicted, playbacks simulating three or five callers tended to recruit more individuals than playbacks of one caller. Recruitment also substantially increased if recruits themselves produced calls. These results suggest that jackdaws use individual vocal discrimination to assess the number of conspecifics involved in initiating mobbing events, and use this information to guide their responses. Our results show support for the use of numerical assessment in antipredator mobbing responses and highlight the need for a greater understanding of the cognitive processes involved in collective behaviour.

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Correction to ‘Evidence for individual discrimination and numerical assessment in collective antipredator behaviour in wild jackdaws ( Corvus monedula )’

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2019.0740 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 20190740 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jenny R. Coomes ◽

Guillam E. McIvor ◽

Alex Thornton

Keyword(s):

Antipredator Behaviour ◽

Numerical Assessment ◽

Individual Discrimination ◽

Corvus Monedula

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The importance and significance of gene polymorphisms in preeclampsia

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2016.114.45 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 45-49

Author(s):

P.N. Veropotvelyan ◽

◽

I.S. Tsehmistrenko ◽

N.P. Veropotvelyan ◽

N.S. Rusak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Gene Polymorphisms ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Extended Study ◽

Stress Genes ◽

Detoxification System ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship

Was to conduct a systematic review of data on the relationship between polymorphisms genes of detoxification system and development of preeclampsia (РЕ). Рresents the main genes of detoxification system (GSTPI, GSTМI, GSTТI, GРХI, ЕРНХI, SOD-2, SOD-3, CYPIAL, MTHЕR, MTR) and their functions. Of interest is the possibility of calculating the individual risk of PE based on the results about the presence of a combination of different polymorphisms in the genotype of the female. Question about early diagnosis of РЕ remains controversial and not fully understood. It is necessary to conduct further in-depth, extended study of this problem. Key words: preeclampsia, oxidative stress, genes of the detoxification system.

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Differentiation of endemic areas by incidence rates of tick-borne infectious diseases as the basis for choosing prevention strategy and tactics

ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT ◽

10.35627/2219-5238/2019-321-12-56-61 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 56-61

Author(s):

N.V. Rudakov ◽

N.A. Penyevskaya ◽

D.A. Saveliev ◽

S.A. Rudakova ◽

C.V. Shtrek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Population Based ◽

Preventive Therapy ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Prevention Strategy ◽

Individual Risk ◽

The Individual ◽

Integral Assessment ◽

Very High

Research objective. Differentiation of natural focal areas of Western Siberia by integral incidence rates of tick-borne infectious diseases for determination of the strategy and tactics of their comprehensive prevention. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of official statistics for the period 2002-2018 for eight sub-federal units in the context of administrative territories was carried out. The criteria of differentiation were determined by means of three evaluation scales, including long-term mean rates of tick-borne encephalitis, tick-borne borreliosis, and Siberian tick-borne typhus. As a scale gradation tool, we used the number of sample elements between the confidence boundaries of the median. The integral assessment was carried out by the sum of points corresponding to the incidence rates for each of the analyzed infections. Results. The areas of low, medium, above average, high and very high risk of tick-borne infectious diseases were determined. Recommendations on the choice of prevention strategy and tactics were given. In areas of very high and high incidence rates, a combination of population-based and individual prevention strategies is preferable while in other areas a combination of high-risk and individual strategies is recommended. Discussion. Epidemiologic zoning should be the basis of a risk-based approach to determining optimal volumes and directions of preventive measures against natural focal infections. It is necessary to improve the means and methods of determining the individual risk of getting infected and developing tick-borne infectious diseases in case of bites, in view of mixed infection of vectors, as well as methods of post-exposure disease prevention (preventive therapy).

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A New Medical Record Proposal to the Prognostic Risk Assessment for MRONJ in Oncologic Patients: “Sapienza Head and Neck Unit” Proposal

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041851 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1851

Author(s):

Edoardo Brauner ◽

Silvia Mezi ◽

Alessandro Ciolfi ◽

Chiara Ciolfi ◽

Resi Pucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Bone Cancer ◽

Osteonecrosis Of The Jaw ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Medical Report ◽

Oncologic Patients ◽

Antiangiogenic Drugs ◽

Dental Screening ◽

The Individual

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an adverse event associated with antiresorptive and antiangiogenic drugs. The use of these drugs in the treatment of cancer patients with bone metastasis is necessary and standardized in the literature. A multidisciplinary approach for the patient’s management is strongly recommended. Therefore, it should be necessary to integrate the path of these subjects with a dedicated dental screening in order to first assess the individual risk of developing a MRONJ, and then to plan dental treatments and oral hygiene sessions, and finally to schedule a follow-up to intercept and treat early osteonecrosis. The aim of this manuscript is to propose a new simple medical report to evaluate patients affected by metastatic bone cancer in order to reduce the risk of developing MRONJ.

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Prediction of pre-eclampsia

Obstetric Medicine ◽

10.1177/1753495x20984015 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1753495X2098401

Author(s):

Konstantinos Giannakou

Keyword(s):

Early Recognition ◽

Routine Care ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Predictive Tool ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Maternal Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Conducting Research ◽

The Individual

Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of neonatal and maternal mortality and morbidity that complicates approximately 2–8% of all pregnancies worldwide. The precise cause of pre-eclampsia is not completely understood, with several environmental, genetic, and maternal factors involved in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. An accurate predictor of pre-eclampsia will facilitate early recognition, close surveillance according to the individual risk and early intervention, and reduce the negative consequences of the disorder. Current evidence shows that no single test predicts pre-eclampsia with sufficient accuracy to be clinically useful. A combination of markers into multiparametric models may provide a more useful and feasible predictive tool for pre-eclampsia screening in the routine care setting than a test of either component alone. This review presents a summary of the current advances on prediction of pre-eclampsia, highlighting their performance and applicability. Key priorities when conducting research on predicting pre-eclampsia are also analyzed.

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Numerical assessment in the wild: insights from social carnivores

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2016.0508 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 373 (1740) ◽

pp. 20160508 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Sarah Benson-Amram ◽

Geoff Gilfillan ◽

Karen McComb

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Future Research ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Playback Experiments ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Numerical Assessment ◽

Individual Discrimination ◽

In Captivity ◽

Assessment Skills ◽

In The Wild

Playback experiments have proved to be a useful tool to investigate the extent to which wild animals understand numerical concepts and the factors that play into their decisions to respond to different numbers of vocalizing conspecifics. In particular, playback experiments have broadened our understanding of the cognitive abilities of historically understudied species that are challenging to test in the traditional laboratory, such as members of the Order Carnivora. Additionally, playback experiments allow us to assess the importance of numerical information versus other ecologically important variables when animals are making adaptive decisions in their natural habitats. Here, we begin by reviewing what we know about quantity discrimination in carnivores from studies conducted in captivity. We then review a series of playback experiments conducted with wild social carnivores, including African lions, spotted hyenas and wolves, which demonstrate that these animals can assess the number of conspecifics calling and respond based on numerical advantage. We discuss how the wild studies complement those conducted in captivity and allow us to gain insights into why wild animals may not always respond based solely on differences in quantity. We then consider the key roles that individual discrimination and cross-modal recognition play in the ability of animals to assess the number of conspecifics vocalizing nearby. Finally, we explore new directions for future research in this area, highlighting in particular the need for further work on the cognitive basis of numerical assessment skills and experimental paradigms that can be effective in both captive and wild settings. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities’.

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Financial and Labor Benefits of the Individual TB Risk Assessment Model for Annual TB Screening

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/ice.2020.787 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s234-s234

Author(s):

Kristin Sims ◽

Roger Stienecker

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Health Care ◽

Assessment Model ◽

Health Care Personnel ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Tuberculosis Screening ◽

Hospital System ◽

National Tuberculosis ◽

The Individual ◽

The Cost

Background: Since 1991, US tuberculosis (TB) rates have declined, including among health care personnel (HCP). Non–US born persons accounted for approximately two-thirds of cases. Serial TB testing has limitations in populations at low risk; it is expensive and labor intensive. Method: We moved a large hospital system from facility-level risk stratification to an individual risk model to guide TB screening based on Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of US Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019. This process included individual TB risk assessment, symptom evaluation, TB testing for M. tuberculosis infection (by either IGRA or TST) for HCP without documented evidence of prior LTBI or TB disease, with an additional workup for TB disease for HCP with positive test results or symptoms compatible with TB disease. In addition, employees with specific job codes deemed high risk were required to undergo TB screening. Result: In 2018, this hospital system of ~10,000 employees screened 7,556 HCP for TB at a cost of $348,625. In 2019, the cost of the T Spot test increased from $45 to $100 and the cost of screening 5,754 HCP through October 31, 2019, was $543,057. In 2020, it is anticipated that 755 HCP will be screened, saving the hospital an estimated minimum of $467,557. The labor burden associated with employee health personnel will fall from ~629.66 hours to 62.91 hours. The labor burden associated with pulling HCPs from the bedside to be screened will be reduced from 629.66 hours to 62.91 hours as well. Conclusion: Adoption of the individual risk assessment model for TB screening based on Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of US Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019 will greatly reduce financial and labor burdens in healthcare settings when implemented.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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Clinical Score and Machine Learning-Based Model to Predict Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism in Arterial Hypertension

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 1595-1604

Author(s):

Fabrizio Buffolo ◽

Jacopo Burrello ◽

Alessio Burrello ◽

Daniel Heinrich ◽

Christian Adolf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Primary Aldosteronism ◽

Learning Algorithm ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Clinical Score ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Supervised Machine Learning ◽

Individual Risk ◽

The Individual

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the cause of arterial hypertension in 4% to 6% of patients, and 30% of patients with PA are affected by unilateral and surgically curable forms. Current guidelines recommend screening for PA ≈50% of patients with hypertension on the basis of individual factors, while some experts suggest screening all patients with hypertension. To define the risk of PA and tailor the diagnostic workup to the individual risk of each patient, we developed a conventional scoring system and supervised machine learning algorithms using a retrospective cohort of 4059 patients with hypertension. On the basis of 6 widely available parameters, we developed a numerical score and 308 machine learning-based models, selecting the one with the highest diagnostic performance. After validation, we obtained high predictive performance with our score (optimized sensitivity of 90.7% for PA and 92.3% for unilateral PA [UPA]). The machine learning-based model provided the highest performance, with an area under the curve of 0.834 for PA and 0.905 for diagnosis of UPA, with optimized sensitivity of 96.6% for PA, and 100.0% for UPA, at validation. The application of the predicting tools allowed the identification of a subgroup of patients with very low risk of PA (0.6% for both models) and null probability of having UPA. In conclusion, this score and the machine learning algorithm can accurately predict the individual pretest probability of PA in patients with hypertension and circumvent screening in up to 32.7% of patients using a machine learning-based model, without omitting patients with surgically curable UPA.

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Population Densities Allowed Around Dutch SEVESO Establishments

10.1115/imece2000-1033 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

G. M. H. Laheij ◽

B. J. M. Ale ◽

J. G. Post

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Population Densities ◽

Planning Policy ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Societal Risk ◽

Dangerous Substances ◽

The Individual ◽

Uniform Population

Abstract In the Netherlands, the individual risk and societal risk are used in efforts to reduce the number of people exposed to the effect of an accident at an establishment with dangerous substances. To facilitate the societal risk planning policy an investigation was carried out for the Dutch SEVESO establishments to investigate the possibility of determining a generic uniform population density for the zone between the individual risk contours of 10−5 and 10−6 per year. The indicative limit for the societal risk at this density was not to be exceeded. Also there was to be enough space left for a significantly higher population density outside the individual risk contour of 10−6 per year. The RORISC methodology and the actual data for the 124 Dutch SEVESO establishments were used to determine the generic uniform population density. Based on the data available it can be concluded that the maximum allowed uniform population density in the zone between the individual risk contours of 10−5 and 10−6 per year is lower than one person per hectare. At this density there is no space left for a higher population density outside the individual risk contour of 10−6 per year. For uniform population densities the relative contribution to the societal risk has been found significant up to the individual risk contour of 10−7 per year.

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