scholarly journals Cytokine storm and COVID-19: a chronicle of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Open Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 200160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Fara ◽  
Zan Mitrev ◽  
Rodney Alexander Rosalia ◽  
Bakri M. Assas
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has swept the world, unlike any other pandemic in the last 50 years. Our understanding of the disease has evolved rapidly since the outbreak; disease prognosis is influenced mainly by multi-organ involvement. Acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart failure, renal failure, liver damage, shock and multi-organ failure are strongly associated with morbidity and mortality. The COVID-19 disease pathology is plausibly linked to the hyperinflammatory response of the body characterized by pathological cytokine levels. The term ‘cytokine storm syndrome’ is perhaps one of the critical hallmarks of COVID-19 disease severity. In this review, we highlight prominent cytokine families and their potential role in COVID-19, the type I and II interferons, tumour necrosis factor and members of the Interleukin family. We address various changes in cellular components of the immune response corroborating with changes in cytokine levels while discussing cytokine sources and biological functions. Finally, we discuss in brief potential therapies attempting to modulate the cytokine storm.

scholarly journals Anorexia Nervosa and the Immune System—A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Gibson ◽  
Philip S Mehler
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
System A ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Abnormal Bone Marrow ◽  
Disorder Potential ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

The pathogenesis of an increasing number of chronic diseases is being attributed to effects of the immune system. However, its role in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa is seemingly under-appreciated. Yet, in examining the available research on the immune system and genetic studies in anorexia nervosa, one becomes increasingly suspicious of the immune system’s potential role in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. Specifically, research is suggestive of increased levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the spontaneous production of tumor necrosis factor in anorexia nervosa; genetic studies further support a dysregulated immune system in this disorder. Potential contributors to this dysregulated immune system are discussed including increased oxidative stress, chronic physiological/psychological stress, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and an abnormal bone marrow microenvironment, all of which are present in anorexia nervosa.

scholarly journals The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Yang ◽  
Xueru Xie ◽  
Zikun Tu ◽  
Jinrong Fu ◽  
Damo Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

AbstractThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global crisis and is more devastating than any other previous infectious disease. It has affected a significant proportion of the global population both physically and mentally, and destroyed businesses and societies. Current evidence suggested that immunopathology may be responsible for COVID-19 pathogenesis, including lymphopenia, neutrophilia, dysregulation of monocytes and macrophages, reduced or delayed type I interferon (IFN-I) response, antibody-dependent enhancement, and especially, cytokine storm (CS). The CS is characterized by hyperproduction of an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is closely associated with poor prognosis. These excessively secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate different inflammatory signaling pathways via their receptors on immune and tissue cells, resulting in complicated medical symptoms including fever, capillary leak syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure, ultimately leading to death in the most severe cases. Therefore, it is clinically important to understand the initiation and signaling pathways of CS to develop more effective treatment strategies for COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the latest developments in the immunopathological characteristics of COVID-19 and focus on CS including the current research status of the different cytokines involved. We also discuss the induction, function, downstream signaling, and existing and potential interventions for targeting these cytokines or related signal pathways. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of CS in COVID-19 will help to develop better strategies to effectively control immunopathology in this disease and other infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Storm at the Time of Corona: A Glimpse at the Current Understanding and Therapeutic Opportunities of the SARS-CoV-2 Cytokine Storm

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monireh Torabi-Rahvar ◽  
Nima Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Jak Inhibitors ◽  
Severe Phenotype ◽  
Inflammatory Monocytes ◽  
Viral Virulence ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may lead to severe disease in some cases, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death. This severe phenotype seems to be associated with a cytokine storm and immune dysregulation. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes, lymphopenia, and decreased levels of regulatory T cells are some of the immunological features that are seen in patients with SARS-CoV-2. As the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 is influenced by both viral virulence and dysregulated inflammatory response, a combination therapy approach using antiviral drugs plus anti-inflammatory treatments, such as corticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies against the IL-6 and IL-1β pathways, and JAK inhibitors are under clinical trials

scholarly journals Potential therapeutic approaches for targeted inhibition of inflammatory cytokines following COVID-19 infection-induced cytokine storm

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelli Morgulchik ◽  
Foteini Athanasopoulou ◽  
Edmund Chu ◽  
Yoriko Lam ◽  
Nazila Kamaly
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Targeted Inhibition ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a deadly respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which has caused a global pandemic since early 2020 and severely threatened people's livelihoods and health. Patients with pre-diagnosed conditions admitted to hospital often develop complications leading to mortality due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and associated multiorgan failure and blood clots. ARDS is associated with a cytokine storm. Cytokine storms arise due to elevated levels of circulating cytokines and are associated with infections. Targeting various pro-inflammatory cytokines in a specific manner can result in a potent therapeutic approach with minimal host collateral damage. Immunoregulatory therapies are now of interest in order to regulate the cytokine storm, and this review will summarize and discuss advances in targeted therapies against cytokine storms induced by COVID-19.

scholarly journals COVID-19-associated secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (cytokine storm syndrome)

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Ekaterina I. Alekseeva ◽  
Rustem F. Tepaev ◽  
Ilia Y. Shilkrot ◽  
Tatyana M. Dvoryakovskaya ◽  
Aleksander G. Surkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Routine Testing ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Pathogenetic Therapy ◽  
Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

In most cases, COVID-19 has a favorable outcome. However, the risk of developing critical forms of the disease, including secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis HLH (cytokine storm syndrome), remains high. This dictates the interest in studying pathogenetic mechanisms, features of the clinical picture, laboratory and instrumental criteria for covid-19 disease. The article analyzes the causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure as manifestations of HLH. The necessity of monitoring signs of hyperinflammation (ferritin, C-reactive protein, etc., biomarkers of inflammation) and activation of thrombosis is substantiated, in order to make timely decisions about the beginning of pathogenetic therapy. However, there are limitations for routine testing of the level of Pro-inflammatory cytokines. Information about the diagnostic criteria of HLH is summarized, and the expediency of these criteria for establishing secondary HLH, which has complicated the course of COVID-19, is emphasized.

scholarly journals Mechanisms and effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients infected with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e5632
Author(s):  
Allana Bandeira Carrilho ◽  
Patricia Bandeira Carrilho ◽  
Luiz Arthur Calheiros Leite
Keyword(s):  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Image Test ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Objective: To investigate the mechanism and effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients infected with COVID-19. Literature review: Inflammation for cytokines are directly associated with the development of COVID-19 and its severity, due to the cytokine storm, immunological pulmonary injury and systemic damage. When infected, the patient develops an inflammatory chain that results in a large quantity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the cytokine storm, leading to fast development of the disease. The status of hyperinflammation and inflammatory biomarkers are essential tools to this disease prognosis. These biomarkers, complete blood count, CRP, Dimer and image test are important for diagnosis and prognosis for COVID-19 patients, which when detected and regulated early, minimize the risks of worsening the case. Final considerations: Therefore, immune suppression and anti-inflammatory drugs are eligible treatments for the cytokine storm, significantly reducing severe cases. In this way, immunomodulators that block interleukin 6 have potential to inhibit in a specific way the hyperinflammation status.

scholarly journals Current Evidence on the Ocular Surface Microbiota and Related Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Petrillo ◽  
Danilo Pignataro ◽  
Maria Annunziata Lavano ◽  
Biagio Santella ◽  
Veronica Folliero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Ophthalmic Diseases ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

The ocular surface microbiota refers to the resident non-pathogenic microorganisms that colonize conjunctiva and cornea. Several studies have shown that ocular surface epithelial cells can respond selectively to specific components of ocular pathogenic bacteria by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and, in contrast, they do not respond to non-pathogenic bacteria, thus supporting the colonization by a real microbiota. However, the analysis of the ocular microbiome composition is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of various ophthalmic diseases. In this scenario, the first studies, which used microbiological culture techniques, reported a less diverse profile of the ocular microbiota compared with that recently discovered using new molecular-based methods. Indeed, until a few years ago, the microbiota of the ocular surface appeared to be dominated by Gram-positive and a few Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungal strains. In contrast, genomics has nowadays detected a remarkable diversity in the ocular surface microorganisms. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the microbiota of other areas of the body, such as the gut and oral microbiota, are involved in the pathophysiology of several ophthalmic diseases. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current evidence on the ocular surface microbiota to better understand it and to investigate its potential role in the development of ophthalmic diseases.

scholarly journals Prospects of plasmapheresis for patients with severe COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilmira R. Gilmutdinova ◽  
Maksim Yu. Yakovlev ◽  
Petr S. Eremin ◽  
Anatoliy D. Fesun
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
International Committee ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

On February 11, 2020, the World Health Organization officially named the infection caused by the new coronavirus “Coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). On February 11, 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) officially named the infectious matter “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2). Emergence of severe complications with new coronavirus disease is due to the development of hypercytokinaemia, also known as “cytokine storm”. These complications comprise acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure and death. Emerging data point to the logic of using extracorporeal haemocorrection to normalise cytokine levels and reduce the severity of organ disorders. The analysis of the literature indicates that to date, a certain positive experience has been accumulated in the world in the application of extracorporeal methods in clinical practice in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 causes a different cytokine response compared to other cytokine storm-causing respiratory viruses in severely ill patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marton Olbei ◽  
Isabelle Hautefort ◽  
Dezso Modos ◽  
Agatha Treveil ◽  
Martina Poletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

AbstractHyper-induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, also known as a cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is one of the key aspects of the currently ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This process occurs when a large number of innate and adaptive immune cells are activated, and start producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, establishing an exacerbated feedback loop of inflammation. It is one of the factors contributing to the mortality observed with COVID-19 for a subgroup of patients. CRS is not unique to SARS-CoV-2 infection; it was prevalent in most of the major human coronavirus and influenza A subtype outbreaks of the past two decades (H5N1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, H7N9). Here, we collected changing cytokine levels upon infection with the aforementioned viral pathogens through a comprehensive literature search. We analysed published patient data to highlight the conserved and unique cytokine responses caused by these viruses. A map of such responses could help specialists identify interventions that successfully alleviated CRS in different diseases and evaluate whether they could be used in COVID-19 cases.

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