State vector and quantization in an over-all space-time view

1955 ◽  
Vol 229 (1177) ◽  
pp. 221-234 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Vector ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
External Source ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The State ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Creation And Annihilation Operators ◽  
Alternative Description ◽  
Formal Solutions

The state vector of a quantized system of fields is defined as a functional of external source functions. Physical quantities are related to operators acting on such functionals. This corresponds to an over-all space-time view in which the state describes a space-time evolution and the state vector is not related to any special space-like surface. The field equations are derived by means of a simple formal quantization and are expressed as supplementary conditions restricting the state functionals. The equations are satisfied by generating functionals defined in the three-dimensional operator theory and were given previously. An investigation of the concept of functionals of anticommuting source functions leads immediately to the consideration of an antisymmetric tensor space with its creation and annihilation operators. The creation and annihilation operators introduced by Coester correspond to another representation and the connexion can be easily established. The relationship between different formal solutions of the field equations given by Coester, Nambu and Anderson, and Skyrme is made apparent. An interchange of the role of creation and annihilation operators, which amounts to a functional Fourier transformation, leads to an alternative description in which the state vector of the quantized system is given by a functional of fields which are functions of the four space-time co-ordinates.

scholarly journals Los espacios turísticos: producción, experiencias e imaginarios. El caso de la Araucanía andino-lacustre chilena, 1900-1940

2019 ◽  
pp. 219-246
Author(s):  
Pablo Martínez Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
Material Production ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Tourist Experience ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century

Los procesos de producción de espacios turísticos se expresan en sendas espacio-temporales, asociadas a una producción material, como las infraestructuras, equipamiento y conectividad, pero también en una producción inmaterial, basada en la difusión de imaginarios territoriales vinculados a la experiencia turística. Se busca analizar dicho proceso, en la Araucanía andino-lacustre chilena, entre 1900-1940, a partir de los relatos de los primeros viajeros con motivaciones turísticas a finales del siglo XIX y el rol de Estado como actor promotor de la turistificación del territorio en el sur de Chile. The processes of production of tourist spaces are expressed in space-time paths, associated with a material production, such as infrastructures, equipment and connectivity, but also in an immaterial production, based on the diffusion of territorial imaginaries linked to the tourist experience. It is sought to analyze this process, in the Chilean Andean-lacustrine Araucanía, between 1900-1940, based on the account of the first travelers with tourist motivations at the end of the 19th century and the role of the State as a promoter of the touristification of the territory in the South of Chile.

scholarly journals EXACT SOLUTIONS OF SO(3) NONLINEAR SIGMA MODEL IN A CONIC SPACE BACKGROUND

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1927-1940 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. B. BEZERRA ◽  
C. ROMERO ◽  
SERGEY CHERVON
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solutions ◽  
Minkowski Space ◽  
Sigma Model ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Nonlinear Sigma Model ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Minkowski Space Time ◽  
Deficit Angle ◽  
Spatial Coordinates

We consider a nonlinear sigma model coupled to the metric of a conic space. We obtain restrictions for a nonlinear sigma model to be a source of the conic space. We then study a nonlinear sigma model in the conic space background. We find coordinate transformations which reduce the chiral fields equations in the conic space background to field equations in Minkowski space–time. This enables us to apply the same methods for obtaining exact solutions in Minkowski space–time to the case of a conic space–time. In the case the solutions depend on two spatial coordinates we employ Ivanov's geometrical ansatz. We give a general analysis and also present classes of solutions in which there is dependence on three and four coordinates. We discuss with special attention the intermediate, instanton and meron solutions and their analogous in the conic space. We find differences in the total actions and topological charges of these solutions and discuss the role of the deficit angle.

‘Truth recovery’ and the role of the security forces in the Northern Ireland Troubles

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
The Past ◽  
British State ◽  
Peace And Reconciliation

In light of the controversies that remain about Bloody Sunday and other violent episodes involving the state, this chapter examines three important aspects to the debate around truth recovery and the role of the Security Forces in the Troubles. First, it asks what role the Security Forces played in the conflict according to official state narratives. Second, it examines the apparent obfuscation of security forces’ experiences by an anti-state republican agenda. Here the chapter makes the case that republicans do this because of a need to reinforce tropes of meaning that preserve the integrity of the killings carried out by the Provisional IRA, while justifying continued hostility to the British state as well as their commitment to a peace process. Lastly, the chapter asks what consequences these official state and anti-state representations of the past have had on attempts to ‘give a voice’ to Security Forces victims (particularly those from Britain) amidst the apparent obfuscating of terrorist violence. By marginalising the experiences of those who soldiered during the Troubles we risk skewing our understanding of the three dimensional nature of the conflict and further postponing the opportunities to move towards meaningful peace and reconciliation.

scholarly journals STRING EFFECTIVE ACTION AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHARGED BLACK HOLE

1991 ◽  
Vol 06 (36) ◽  
pp. 3365-3371 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PRATIK KHASTGIR ◽  
ALOK KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Effective Action ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Background Field ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Charged Black Hole ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Antisymmetric Tensor Field ◽  
Two Space Dimensions ◽  
Three Space

Graviton-dilaton background field equations in three space-time dimensions, following from the string effective action are solved when the metric has only time dependence. By taking one of the two space dimensions as compact, our solution reproduces a recently discovered charged black hole solution in two space-time dimensions. Solutions in the presence of non-vanishing three-dimensional background antisymmetric tensor field are also discussed.

scholarly journals A local deterministic model of quantum spin measurement

1995 ◽  
Vol 451 (1943) ◽  
pp. 585-608 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Vector ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Quantum Spin ◽  
The State ◽  
Spin States ◽  
Truth Values ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
State Vector Reduction

The conventional view, that Einstein was wrong to believe that quantum physics is local and deterministic, is challenged. A parametrized model, ' Q ' for the state vector evolution of spin-1/2 particles during measurement is developed. Q draws on recent work on ‘riddled basins’ in dynamical systems theory, and is local, determin­istic, nonlinear and time asymmetric. Moreover, the evolution of the state vector to one of two chaotic attractors (taken to represent observed spin states) is effectively uncomputable. Motivation for considering this model arises from speculations about the (time asymmetric and uncomputable) nature of quantum gravity, and the (nonlinear) role of gravity in quantum state vector reduction. Although the evolution of Q s state vector cannot be determined by a numerical algorithm, the probability that initial states in some given region of phase space will evolve to one of these attractors, is itself computable. These probabilities can be made to correspond to observed quantum spin probabilities. In an ensemble sense, the evolution of the state vector to an attractor can be described by a diffusive random walk process, suggesting that deterministic dynamics may underlie recent attempts to model state vector evolution by stochastic equations. Bell’s theorem and a version of the Bell-Kochen-Specker quantum entanglement paradox, as illustrated by Penrose’s ‘magic dodecahedra’, are discussed using Q as a model of quantum spin measurement. It is shown that in both cases, proving an inconsistency with locality demands the existence of definite truth values to certain counterfactual propositions. In Q these deterministic propositions are uncomputable, and no non-algorithmic mathematical solution is either known or suspected. Adapt­ing the mathematical formalist approach, the non-existence of definite truth values to such counterfactual propositions is posited. No inconsistency with experiment is found. As a result, it is claimed that Q is not constrained by Bell’s inequality, locality and determinism notwithstanding.

Wave adjustment: general concept and examples

2015 ◽  
Vol 779 ◽  
pp. 514-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Reznik
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Initial Perturbation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The State ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Fast Wave ◽  
Group Speed ◽  
The Waves

We formulate a general theory of wave adjustment applicable to any physical system (not necessarily a hydrodynamic one), which, being linearized, possesses linear invariants and a complete system of waves harmonically depending on the time $t$. The invariants are determined by the initial conditions and are zero for the waves, which, therefore, do not transport and affect the invariants. The evolution of such a system can be represented naturally as the sum of a stationary component with non-zero invariants and a non-steady wave part with zero invariants. If the linear system is disturbed by a small perturbation (linear or nonlinear), then the state vector of the system is split into slow balanced and fast wave components. Various scenarios of the wave adjustment are demonstrated with fairly simple hydrodynamic models. The simplest scenario, called ‘fast radiation’, takes place when the waves rapidly (their group speed $c_{gr}$ greatly exceeds the slow flow velocity $U$) radiate away from the initial perturbation and do not interact effectively with the slow component. As a result, at large times, after the waves propagate away, the residual flow is slow and described by a balanced model. The scenario is exemplified by the three-dimensional non-rotating barotropic flow with a free surface. A more complicated scenario, called ‘nonlinear trapping’, occurs if oscillations with small group speed $c_{gr}\leqslant U$ are present in the wave spectrum. In this case, after nonlinear wave adjustment, the state vector is a superposition of the slow balanced component and oscillations with small $c_{gr}$ trapped by this component. An example of this situation is the geostrophic adjustment of a three-dimensional rotating barotropic layer with a free surface. In the third scenario, called ‘incomplete splitting’, the wave adjustment is accompanied by non-stationary boundary layers arising near rigid and internal boundaries at large times. The thickness of such a layer tends to zero and cross-gradients of physical parameters in the layer tend to infinity as $t\rightarrow \infty$. The layer is an infinite number of wave modes whose group speed tends to zero as the mode number tends to infinity. In such a system, complete splitting of motion into fast and slow components is impossible even in the linear approximation. The scenario is illustrated by an example of stratified non-rotating flow between two rigid lids. The above scenarios describe, at least, the majority of known cases of wave adjustment.

Measurement Theory

2019 ◽  
pp. 231-258
Author(s):  
P.J.E. Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Measurement Theory ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
The State ◽  
Statistical Approximation ◽  
Deterministic Theory ◽  
Eugene Wigner

This chapter reviews measurement theory in quantum mechanics. The measurement prescription in quantum mechanics can be stated in a few lines and has found an enormous range of applications, in all of which it has proved to be consistent with logic and experimental tests. However, the implications seem so bizarre that people such as Albert Einstein and Eugene Wigner have argued that the theory cannot be physically complete as its stands. The chapter then extends the prescription to the case where the state vector is not known. It also discusses some of the “paradoxes” of quantum mechanics. Finally, the chapter presents Bell's theorem, which shows that there cannot be a local underlying deterministic theory for which quantum mechanics plays the role of a statistical approximation.

scholarly journals Visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: spatial and space-time analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Furtado Mozini Cardim ◽  
Marluci Monteiro Guirado ◽  
Margareth Regina Dibo ◽  
Francisco Chiaravalloti Neto
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The State ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To perform both space and space-time evaluations of visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS The population considered in the study comprised autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis and deaths resulting from it in Sao Paulo, between 1999 and 2013. The analysis considered the western region of the state as its studied area. Thematic maps were created to show visceral leishmaniasis dissemination in humans in the municipality. Spatial analysis tools Kernel and Kernel ratio were used to respectively obtain the distribution of cases and deaths and the distribution of incidence and mortality. Scan statistics were used in order to identify spatial and space-time clusters of cases and deaths. RESULTS The visceral leishmaniasis cases in humans, during the studied period, were observed to occur in the western portion of Sao Paulo, and their territorial extension mainly followed the eastbound course of the Marechal Rondon highway. The incidences were characterized as two sequences of concentric ellipses of decreasing intensities. The first and more intense one was found to have its epicenter in the municipality of Castilho (where the Marechal Rondon highway crosses the border of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul) and the second one in Bauru. Mortality was found to have a similar behavior to incidence. The spatial and space-time clusters of cases were observed to coincide with the two areas of highest incidence. Both the space-time clusters identified, even without coinciding in time, were started three years after the human cases were detected and had the same duration, that is, six years. CONCLUSIONS The expansion of visceral leishmaniasis in Sao Paulo has been taking place in an eastbound direction, focusing on the role of highways, especially Marechal Rondon, in this process. The space-time analysis detected the disease occurred in cycles, in different spaces and time periods. These meetings, if considered, may contribute to the adoption of actions that aim to prevent the disease from spreading throughout the whole territory of São Paulo or to at least reducing its expansion speed.

Do Writing Directions Influence How People Map Space onto Time?

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Wenxing Yang ◽  
Ying Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
Japanese Speakers ◽  
Psychological Experiments ◽  
Vertical Up

Abstract. The causal role of a unidirectional orthography in shaping speakers’ mental representations of time seems to be well established by many psychological experiments. However, the question of whether bidirectional writing systems in some languages can also produce such an impact on temporal cognition remains unresolved. To address this issue, the present study focused on Japanese and Taiwanese, both of which have a similar mix of texts written horizontally from left to right (HLR) and vertically from top to bottom (VTB). Two experiments were performed which recruited Japanese and Taiwanese speakers as participants. Experiment 1 used an explicit temporal arrangement design, and Experiment 2 measured implicit space-time associations in participants along the horizontal (left/right) and the vertical (up/down) axis. Converging evidence gathered from the two experiments demonstrate that neither Japanese speakers nor Taiwanese speakers aligned their vertical representations of time with the VTB writing orientation. Along the horizontal axis, only Japanese speakers encoded elapsing time into a left-to-right linear layout, which was commensurate with the HLR writing direction. Therefore, two distinct writing orientations of a language could not bring about two coexisting mental time lines. Possible theoretical implications underlying the findings are discussed.

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