scholarly journals Steady-state propagation of dislocations in quasi-crystals

2011 ◽  
Vol 467 (2136) ◽  
pp. 3490-3508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Radi ◽  
Paolo Maria Mariano
Keyword(s):  
Wave Speed ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Dislocation Core ◽  
Elastic Behaviour ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
Quasi Crystals ◽  
Steady Propagation ◽  
State Propagation ◽  
Straight Dislocation ◽  
The Ideal

We analyse the steady propagation at constant speed, lower than the shear wave-speed, of a straight dislocation in an unbounded elastic quasi-crystal with five-fold symmetry. We discuss only the ideal elastic behaviour, neglecting the dissipation associated with the atomic rearrangements. Under these conditions, we provide the expressions of phonon and phason fields in closed form. Both phonon and phason stresses appear to be singular near to the dislocation core. We also find the explicit expression of the energy per unit length around a moving dislocation.

scholarly journals Spatial variations in Achilles tendon shear wave speed

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 2685-2692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. DeWall ◽  
Laura C. Slane ◽  
Kenneth S. Lee ◽  
Darryl G. Thelen
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Shear Wave Speed

Measured temperature and pressure dependence of Vp and Vs in compacted, polycrystalline sI methane and sII methane–ethane hydrate

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
M B Helgerud ◽  
W F Waite ◽  
S H Kirby ◽  
A Nur
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Pressure Dependence ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Fixed End

We report on compressional- and shear-wave-speed measurements made on compacted polycrystalline sI methane and sII methane–ethane hydrate. The gas hydrate samples are synthesized directly in the measurement apparatus by warming granulated ice to 17°C in the presence of a clathrate-forming gas at high pressure (methane for sI, 90.2% methane, 9.8% ethane for sII). Porosity is eliminated after hydrate synthesis by compacting the sample in the synthesis pressure vessel between a hydraulic ram and a fixed end-plug, both containing shear-wave transducers. Wave-speed measurements are made between –20 and 15°C and 0 to 105 MPa applied piston pressure. PACS No.: 61.60Lj

scholarly journals A novel semi-implicit scheme for elastodynamics and wave propagation in nearly and truly incompressible solids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chennakesava Kadapa
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Incompressible Material ◽  
Implicit Scheme ◽  
Bulk Wave ◽  
Lumped Mass ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Shear Wave Speed

AbstractThis paper presents a novel semi-implicit scheme for elastodynamics and wave propagation problems in nearly and truly incompressible material models. The proposed methodology is based on the efficient computation of the Schur complement for the mixed displacement-pressure formulation using a lumped mass matrix for the displacement field. By treating the deviatoric stress explicitly and the pressure field implicitly, the critical time step is made to be limited by shear wave speed rather than the bulk wave speed. The convergence of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by computing error norms for the recently proposed LBB-stable BT2/BT1 element. Using the numerical examples modelled with nearly and truly incompressible Neo-Hookean and Ogden material models, it is demonstrated that the proposed semi-implicit scheme yields significant computational benefits over the fully explicit and the fully implicit schemes for finite strain elastodynamics simulations involving incompressible materials. Finally, the applicability of the proposed scheme for wave propagation problems in nearly and truly incompressible material models is illustrated.

Diagnosis of liver fibrosis based on quantification of factors associated with shear wave speed

Choonpa Igaku ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko IIJIMA ◽  
Toshifumi TADA ◽  
Hiroyuki HACHIYA ◽  
Takashi NISHIMURA ◽  
Junko NISHIMURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
Factors Associated

A Source Physics Interpretation of Nonself-Similar Double-Corner-Frequency Source Spectral Model JA19_2S

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Ji ◽  
Ralph J. Archuleta
Keyword(s):  
Stress Drop ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Rupture Velocity ◽  
Scaling Relation ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
Dynamic Stress Drop ◽  
Static Stress Drop ◽  
Frequency Source

Abstract We investigate the relation between the kinematic double-corner-frequency source spectral model JA19_2S (Ji and Archuleta, 2020) and static fault geometry scaling relations proposed by Leonard (2010). We find that the nonself-similar low-corner-frequency scaling relation of JA19_2S model can be explained using the fault length scaling relation of Leonard’s model combined with an average rupture velocity ∼70% of shear-wave speed for earthquakes 5.3 < M< 6.9. Earthquakes consistent with both models have magnitude-independent average static stress drop and average dynamic stress drop around 3 MPa. Their scaled energy e˜ is not a constant. The decrease of e˜ with magnitude can be fully explained by the magnitude dependence of the fault aspect ratio. The high-frequency source radiation is generally controlled by seismic moment, static stress drop, and dynamic stress drop but is further modulated by the fault aspect ratio and the relative location of the hypocenter. Based on these two models, the commonly quoted average rupture velocity of 70%–80% of shear-wave speed implies predominantly unilateral rupture.

scholarly journals A soft cervix, categorized by shear-wave elastography, in women with short or with normal cervical length at 18–24 weeks is associated with a higher prevalence of spontaneous preterm delivery

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Hernandez-Andrade ◽  
Eli Maymon ◽  
Suchaya Luewan ◽  
Gaurav Bhatti ◽  
Mohammad Mehrmohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Preterm Delivery ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Cervical Length ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Short Cervix ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
Spontaneous Preterm Delivery

AbstractObjective:To determine whether a soft cervix identified by shear-wave elastography between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation is associated with increased frequency of spontaneous preterm delivery (sPTD).Materials and methods:This prospective cohort study included 628 consecutive women with a singleton pregnancy. Cervical length (mm) and softness [shear-wave speed: (SWS) meters per second (m/s)] of the internal cervical os were measured at 18–24 weeks of gestation. Frequency of sPTD <37 (sPTD<37) and <34 (sPTD<34) weeks of gestation was compared among women with and without a short (≤25 mm) and/or a soft cervix (SWS <25thpercentile).Results:There were 31/628 (4.9%) sPTD<37 and 12/628 (1.9%) sPTD<34 deliveries. The combination of a soft and a short cervix increased the risk of sPTD<37 by 18-fold [relative risk (RR) 18.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.7–43.9); P<0.0001] and the risk of sPTD<34 by 120-fold [RR 120.0 (95% CI 12.3–1009.9); P<0.0001] compared to women with normal cervical length. A soft-only cervix increased the risk of sPTD<37 by 4.5-fold [RR 4.5 (95% CI 2.1–9.8); P=0.0002] and of sPTD<34 by 21-fold [RR 21.0 (95% CI 2.6–169.3); P=0.0003] compared to a non-soft cervix.Conclusions:A soft cervix at 18–24 weeks of gestation increases the risk of sPTD <37 and <34 weeks of gestation independently of cervical length.

Subsonic and Intersonic Failure of Composites: High-Speed Optical and Thermographic Measurements and Numerical Simulations

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rosakis ◽  
D. Coker ◽  
C. Yu ◽  
M. Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Crack Growth ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Epoxy Composite ◽  
Shear Crack ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Composite Plates ◽  
Crack Face ◽  
Shear Wave Speed

Abstract In this paper dynamic fracture behavior of unidirectional graphite-epoxy composite plates is investigated experimentally and numerically. Crack propagation experiments are conducted on thick unidirectional graphite-epoxy composite plates subjected to in-plane, symmetric and asymmetric, impact loading. The coherent gradient sensing technique (CGS) is used in conjunction with high-speed photography to visualize the crack growth events. Cracks are found to propagate at subsonic speeds in the Mode-I case, whereas in both mixed mode and Mode-II the crack tip speed clearly exceeds the shear wave speed of the laminate. In the case of symmetric loading (Mode-I), the crack tip speeds approach the Rayleigh wave speed of the composite (1500 m/s), however it never exceeds it as predicted by asymptotic analysis. The situation is found to be entirely different for growing shear (Mode-II) cracks. A shock wave emanating from the crack tip is observed in the optical patterns. This provides direct evidence that the crack propagates faster than the shear wave speed of the composite. The crack tip speed is then observed to jump to a level close to the axial longitudinal wave speed along the fibers (7500 m/s) and then to stabilize to a lower level of approximately 6500 m/s. This speed corresponds to the speed at which the energy release rate required for shear crack growth is non-zero as determined from asymptotic analysis. The CGS interferograms also reveal the existence of large-scale frictional contact of the crack faces behind the moving shear cracks. In addition high speed thermographic measurements are conducted that show concentrated hot spots behind the crack tip indicating crack face frictional contact. Finally, these experiments are modeled by a detailed dynamic finite element calculation involving cohesive elements, newly developed adaptive remeshing using subdivision and edge collapse, composites element, and penalty contact. The numerical calculations are calibrated on the basis of fundamental material properties measured in the laboratory. The numerical methodology is subsequently validated by direct comparison to optical experimental measurements (crack speed record and near tip deformation field structure). For shear crack growth the numerics also reveal the experimentally observed shock wave structure and confirm the optical observation of large-scale crack face contact.

Sensitivity of the Shear Wave Speed-Stress Relationship to Soft Tissue Material Properties and Fiber Alignment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon Blank ◽  
Darryl Thelen ◽  
Matthew S. Allen ◽  
Joshua Roth
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Fiber Alignment ◽  
Wave Speeds ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
Constitutive Properties

The use of shear wave propagation to noninvasively gauge material properties and loading in tendons and ligaments is a growing area of interest in biomechanics. Prior models and experiments suggest that shear wave speed primarily depends on the apparent shear modulus (i.e., shear modulus accounting for contributions from all constituents) at low loads, and then increases with axial stress when axially loaded. However, differences in the magnitudes of shear wave speeds between ligaments and tendons, which have different substructures, suggest that the tissue’s composition and fiber alignment may also affect shear wave propagation. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to (1) characterize changes in the apparent shear modulus induced by variations in constitutive properties and fiber alignment, and (2) determine the sensitivity of the shear wave speed-stress relationship to variations in constitutive properties and fiber alignment. To enable systematic variations of both constitutive properties and fiber alignment, we developed a finite element model that represented an isotropic ground matrix with an embedded fiber distribution. Using this model, we performed dynamic simulations of shear wave propagation at axial strains from 0% to 10%. We characterized the shear wave speed-stress relationship using a simple linear regression between shear wave speed squared and axial stress, which is based on an analytical relationship derived from a tensioned beam model. We found that predicted shear wave speeds were both in-range with shear wave speeds in previous in vivo and ex vivo studies, and strongly correlated with the axial stress (R2 = 0.99). The slope of the squared shear wave speed-axial stress relationship was highly sensitive to changes in tissue density. Both the intercept of this relationship and the apparent shear modulus were sensitive to both the shear modulus of the ground matrix and the stiffness of the fibers’ toe-region when the fibers were less well-aligned to the loading direction. We also determined that the tensioned beam model overpredicted the axial tissue stress with increasing load when the model had less well-aligned fibers. This indicates that the shear wave speed increases likely in response to a load-dependent increase in the apparent shear modulus. Our findings suggest that researchers may need to consider both the material and structural properties (i.e., fiber alignment) of tendon and ligament when measuring shear wave speeds in pathological tissues or tissues with less well-aligned fibers.

Lithospheric structure of the North American Craton constrained by full waveform inversion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Zhou ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Ziyi Xi ◽  
Jiaqi Li
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Waveform Inversion ◽  
Continental Lithosphere ◽  
Shear Wave Speed ◽  
The North ◽  
Full Waveform ◽  
Radial Anisotropy ◽  
North American Craton ◽  
Superior Craton

&lt;p&gt;Cratonic lithosphere is believed to be rigid and less deformed during a long period of time. However, the detailed structure of Cratons may bring information of the complex formation and assemblage process of the continental lithosphere. Here, we present the seismic radial anisotropic structure of the North American Craton (NAC) constrained by a regional full-waveform inversion (FWI) with 465,422 high-quality frequency-dependent travel time misfit measurements with the shortest period of 15 s from both the body wave and surface wave recordings of 5,120 stations and 160 earthquakes located in the contiguous U.S and surrounding regions. Started from an initial model constructed by combining US.2016 and Crust1.0 in the crust and S40RTS (isotropic) in the mantle, we are able to have the optimized crustal structure in terms of initial waveform similarity and get rid of existing features from other radially anisotropic mantle models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our new model reveals the NAC lithosphere with about +2% voigt shear wave speed anomaly and an average thickness of 200&amp;#8211;250 km beneath the Superior Craton, and becomes thinner towards the eastern, the southern, and the southwestern margins with a thickness decreased to 100&amp;#8211;150 km. The radial anisotropy manifests a layer of higher horizontal shear wave speed V&lt;sub&gt;SH&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;(&amp;#958;=V&lt;sub&gt;SH&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/V&lt;sub&gt;SV&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&gt;1) beneath the core of Superior Craton down to around 160 km, where the higher vertical shear wave speed V&lt;sub&gt;SV &lt;/sub&gt;(&amp;#958;&lt;1) is observed beneath 160 km. Such radial anisotropy layering is also observed in the margin of continental lithosphere but with shallower depth. The radial anisotropic layer matches the receiver function results of mid-lithosphere discontinuities of the Craton cores, and the lithosphere conductivity result.&amp;#160;The radial anisotropy layering observation confirms the two-layered lithosphere structure of the NAC, where the upper layer likely represents the original radial anisotropy fabric related to the cooling of the craton core, while the lower layer might be related to the tectonic processes more recently, e.g., accretion .&amp;#160;The lithospheric thinning beneath the NAC margins indicates the deformation of the lithosphere and is likely controlled by the large-scale mantle convection, therefore relates to the further modification process of the NAC.&lt;/p&gt;

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document