scholarly journals The formation of lactic acid in desiccated amphibian muscles

1930 ◽  
Vol 106 (742) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sartorius Muscle ◽  
Silk Thread ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Uniform State ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Geometrical Form ◽  
Determining Factor

The present paper is the third of a series dealing with the effects of freezing and drying on living amphibian muscle (1, 2). In this paper it is shown that simple drying of muscles causes the production of lactic acid, in amount identical with that produced by the corresponding degree of freezing (2). This finding confirms the view expressed in the earlier communications that the effects of freezing and drying are identical, the determining factor in each case being the removal from the muscle of a certain amount of water. Experimental Procedure . To ensure even drying throughout, it was necessary to use a thin muscle of regular geometrical form. The sartorius muscle of the frog was therefore chosen. The frogs were precooled for some hours at zero. The muscles were then carefully removed at their insertions, wiped on filter paper, and each individual muscle suspended by a silk thread of known weight (see later) in a stoppered bottle, over 0·72 per cent, sodium chloride solution. After standing at 0° C. for 24 hours, to allow of the removal of the lactic acid formed during the manipulation, the muscles were weighed, and rapidly dried by being suspended in bottles over solid calcium chloride. It has already been shown that this method of drying produces a uniform state throughout the muscle (1, p. 187). They were removed at intervals for weighing.

Strategies to increase compliance with out-patient aftercare among patients referred to a psychiatric emergency department: a multi-centre controlled intervention study

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. SPOOREN ◽  
C. VAN HEERINGEN ◽  
C. JANNES
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Treatment Compliance ◽  
Psychiatric Emergency ◽  
Family Presence ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Family ◽  
Referral Compliance ◽  
Motivational Counselling

Background. Compliance with referral for out-patient aftercare of psychiatric emergency patients is limited. This study investigated the efficacy of a combination of several referral strategies (fixed appointment, involvement of the family, presence of the aftercare person, motivational counselling) in increasing referral and treatment compliance of patients referred to the psychiatric emergency department of three general hospitals.Methods. A randomized controlled design was used to assess the effect of this experimental condition on referral compliance and on continuation of aftercare treatment.Results. A significant beneficial effect on compliance with the referral was found in two hospitals and a near-significant effect in the third. After 3 months of aftercare, the influence of the experimental procedure on adherence to therapy was still significant in two hospitals, but not in the third.Conclusions. Helping the patient to attend an initial appointment can be achieved by a combination of practical and organizational arrangements.

scholarly journals Microbiota indigenous milk, mesophilic lipolytic and proteolytic colonial cheese matured, produced at different times of the year

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-559
Author(s):  
Elisângela Borsoi Pereira ◽  
Magali Soares dos Santos Pozza ◽  
Paula Martins Olivo ◽  
Osmar Dalla Santa ◽  
Suzana da Cruz Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Double Factorial ◽  
Production Period

SUMMARY Cheese is the oldest form of preserving milk nutrients having nutritional, economic and cultural importance. The objective of this study was to identify the best time of the year for production, and period, in months, for maturation of traditional colonial cheese, through analysis of water activity, weight loss and counts of lactic acid, mesophilic microorganisms—proteolytic and lipolytic. Records of temperature and relative humidity (RH) were maintained. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a double factorial scheme, considering production periods and maturation times. For all production periods evaluated, there was a significant reduction in the periods for water activity values. The counts of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 104 to 109 CFU/g. There was also stability in the number of colonies for lipolytic mesophilic microorganisms, until the third month of maturation. Low counts of proteolytic mesophiles were observed for the samples produced in May and June (5.70 and 5.53 log), respectively. The production period for the months of May and June corresponding to RH of 80% and average temperatures of 15°C were the most effective for production. Due to the presence of Listeria, it is recommended to respect the minimum time of 60 days of maturation for commercialization.

Intracellular pH recovery from lactic acidosis of single skeletal muscle fibres

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 1560-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. E. Allard
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Sartorius Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Diffusion Limited ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibres ◽  
Frog Sartorius

Intracellular pH (pHi, measured with H+-selective microelectrodes, in quiescent frog sartorius muscle fibres was 7.29 ± 0.09 (n = 13). Frog muscle fibres were superfused with a modified Ringer solution containing 30 mM HEPES buffer, at extracellular pH (pHo) 7.35. Intracellular pH decreased to 6.45 ± 0.14 (n = 13) following replacement of 30 mM NaCl with sodium lactate (30 mM MES, pHo 6.20). Intracellular pH recovery, upon removal of external lactic acid, depended on the buffer concentration of the modified Ringer solution. The measured values of the pHi recovery rates was 0.06 ± 0.01 ΔpHi/min (n = 5) in 3 mM HEPES and was 0.18 ± 0.06 ΔpHi/min (n = 13) in 30 mM HEPES, pHo 7.35. The Na+–H+ exchange inhibitor amiloride (2 mM) slightly reduced pHi recovery rate. The results indicate that the net proton efflux from lactic acidotic frog skeletal muscle is mainly by lactic acid efflux and is limited by the transmembrane pH gradient which, in turn, depends on the extracellular buffer capacity in the diffusion limited space around the muscle fibres.

Diameter changes in arteriolar networks of contracting skeletal muscle

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (3) ◽  
pp. H662-H670 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Dodd ◽  
P. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Sartorius Muscle ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Resistance Change ◽  
The Third

The effect of muscular contraction on vessel diameter was studied in the arteriolar network of the exteriorized cat sartorius muscle during normal and elevated vascular tone. Dilation during 4 Hz motor-nerve stimulation was proportionately greatest in the third-order (transverse) arterioles and in vessels immediately upstream and downstream (P less than 0.01). This pattern of dilation was maintained with increased contraction frequency (30 Hz) and during concurrent sympathetic nerve stimulation (8 Hz). The pattern of constriction with sympathetic nerve stimulation alone showed a similar trend with the greatest response in the third-order and adjacent vessels. A model developed to estimate the resistance distribution in the arteriolar network, using data from earlier micropressure and vascular architecture studies in the sartorius muscle, allowed calculation of the resistance change during muscle contraction and sympathetic stimulation. Model predictions indicate that the third-order and adjacent vessels are the greatest site of resistance with both normal and elevated vascular tone. Thus these vessels were the site of greatest resistance change during muscle contraction. The more proximal, arcade vessels made lesser contributions to overall resistance changes, whereas the most distal, fifth-, and sixth-order arterioles appear not to be important in this regard. These findings indicate the third-order, transverse, arterioles are of special importance in regulating blood flow in the sartorius muscle.

scholarly journals Erratum

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 490-490
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Spectrophotometric Determination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Line

Abstract In the article "An Enzymatic-Spectrophotometric Determination on Pyruvic and Lactic Acid in Blood: Methodologic aspects" by J. C. Rosenberg and B. F. Rush in the May issue of the Journal, the third line under Lactic Acid on page 302 erroneously identified NAD+ as NADT. The line should read as follows: semicarbazide solution, 0.6 ml. of the NAD+ solution, and 0.2 ml. of the

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Cent Glucose ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

A study is reported of the effect of different methods of treatment on the toxemia of cardiac obstruction. The average duration of life of untreated dogs is 3 days. Three dogs treated with 1 per cent salt solution subcutaneously lived 32, 36, and 45 days respectively without developing a toxemia. 2 per cent glucose similarly given, does not alter the course of the toxemia. Concentrated salt solution in small quantities given directly into the jejunum prevents the marked rise in non-protein nitrogen but does not materially prolong life. Release of the obstruction does not change the course of the toxemia in untreated animals. The subcutaneous injection of 1 per cent sodium chloride solution after release of the obstruction causes a rapid return of the blood to normal and allows the animal to recover. A similar amount of fluid given as 2 per cent glucose does not alter the course of the toxemia after release of the obstruction.

scholarly journals The diffusion of oxygen and lactic acid through tissues

1928 ◽  
Vol 104 (728) ◽  
pp. 39-96 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Diffusion Constant ◽  
Fatigued Muscle ◽  
Single Nerve ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
Determining Factor

The diffusion of dissolved substances through cells and tissues is a determining factor in many vital processes. The slowness of diffusion on the scale of ordinary sensible objects gives to the unaided imagination an imperfect realisation of its speed and importance in systems of the dimensions of the living cell. The diffusion constant k is expressed in terms of the number of unit quantities of substance which diffuse per minute across an area of 1 sq. cm. in a gradient of concentration per cm. of 1 unit quantity per c. c. For aqueous solutions of ordinary substances k is usually of the order of 2 to 10 times 10 -4 . The diffusion constant is of the dimensions L 2 T -1 , 2 in length, -1 in time. Expressing it in units of 1μ (0·0001 cm.) instead of 1 cm., and of 1σ (0·001 sec.) instead of minutes, k is of the order of unity, instead of multiple of 10 -4 . Thus the diffusion constant is a fairly large quantity for systems involving distances of the order of 1μ and times of the order of 1σ. A cylinder 1 cm. in diameter composed of material similar to frog's nerve, if suddenly placed in oxygen, would take 185 minutes to attain 90 per cent. of is full saturation with that gas. An actual nerve 0·7 mm. thick would take 54 seconds for the same stage of saturation to be reached. A single nerve fiber 7μ thick would take only 5·4 σ. Again, the rapidity of diffusion attainable in systems of small dimensions is the basis of the capillary circulation, and therewith of the whole design of the larger animals; and the rate at which diffusion an supply oxygen to a fatigued muscle for the removal of lactic acid is an important factor in determining the speed at which recovery can occur.

scholarly journals Growth and development of bees using organic acids and probiotics

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Dmitruk ◽  
S. M. Suhovuha
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bee Colonies ◽  
Experimental Group

The second record number of sealed brood, which took place on May 15 showed that consumption of succinic acid pergi helped increase the number of brood grown by 11.2% (P <0.001) and in the experimental group. Feeding bees use citric acid positively affects the amount of brood in the second experimental group. Compared with controls, the number of brood is higher by 7.5% (P < 0.001). Use of feeding bees III experimental group of lactic acid bacteria has increased the brood at 10.0% (P < 0.001). May 27 The difference between the number of counted squares and the control and experimental group is 16.3% (P <0.001), the second experimental group 11.5% (P < 0.001), the third experimental group 13.4% (P < 0.001). In the period, which fell on June 8 development of bee colonies increased, so the difference between the number of counted squares and the control and development of 22.2% (P < 0.001), the second experimental group 17.8% (P < 0.001), the third research group 18.9% (P < 0.001). June 20, recorded the best performance of the experimental group, the difference between the number of counted squares and the control and experimental group is 23.1% (P < 0.001), the second experimental group 18.3% (P < 0.001), the third experimental group 19.3 % (P < 0.001). Compared with the rate on May 3 yaytsenosnosti intensity oviposition of the uterus and research group for 27 May increased by 62.5%. Consumption pergi bees II nd experimental group caused an increase yaytsenosnosti cancer – by 56.3%, the third second experimental group – by 58.2%. Compared to control subjects in increasing the number of families found grown brood on 18,2 –23,1% (P <0.001).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document