The Croonian Lecture, 1979: Regulation of muscle contraction

1980 ◽  
Vol 207 (1168) ◽  
pp. 259-286 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Striated Muscles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regulation Of Muscle Contraction ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Evolutionary Point

In this lecture I review briefly the history of the recognition of calcium ion as the sole regulatory factor of muscle contraction at the molecular level and how this led to the discovery of the troponin-tropomyosin system, which is the regulatory system of striated muscles of almost all deuterostomias and some protostomias. This is followed by a brief comment on the myosin-linked regulation, which plays a dominating role in many protostomian muscles. The regulatory mechanism in vertebrate smooth muscle is then discussed; the view is advanced that the leiotonin-tropomyosin system may be the only regulatory device for this muscle. Ca-binding components of troponin and smooth muscles of vertebrates are compared with modulator protein, an omnipresent Ca-binding protein of very conservative nature throughout evolution. Finally, the modes of action of Ca ion in different kinds of cell motility are discussed from an evolutionary point of view.

The Earlier History of the Arabian Nights

1924 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Arabian Nights ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

It is unfortunate that almost all investigators of the origin and development of the Nights have been, more or less, under the spell of that quite modern recension which Zotenberg first identified and called “la redaction égyptienne” (hereafter ZER). In the numerous Egyptian prints derived from the I Būlāq edition (Būlāq, a.h. 1252=a.d. 1835), in the Calcutta edition of the same recension (II Calcutta, a.d. 1839–42), in at least two Beyrout editions (Salhani and Adabīya Press), this recension has attained to the dignity of a Vulgate, and of it most people, even most Arabists, think when they refer to the Arabian Nights. This almost subconscious assumption was the great obscuring element in Lane's mind and with De Goeje in his Britannica article on the Nights. From this point of view it is especially unfortunate that Zotenberg did not publish any further researches; he was evidently on his way to complete freedom of attitude.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Collaboration in Ukraine and West Europe during World War Two: Comparative Analysis of English and German Historiography

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Xix Century

The problem of collaboration in Nazi-occupied Ukraine and Western Europe by Germany and its allies is discusses in this article. It is emphasized that almost 75 years after the end of World War II, discussions on this issue have not stopped yet, which intensified after Western historians proved the futility of the efforts of a number of politicians to present a number of nations as exclusively victims of the invaders. Some examples of such attempts made by Charles de Gaulle in France are cited in the article. Analysis of English- and German-language historiographical sources of the late XX – early XXI centuries testifies that the authors deviate from the «black and white» opposition of the «collaboration-resistance» ligament and prove that there were a lot of «gray zones» in it. We are also talking about those varieties of the occupation regime that inevitably predetermined the scale and forms of collaboration and its impact on the society. The history of the appearance of the interpretation of the «collaboration» concept starting with the XIX century and its political and emotional interpretation during World War II is considered. It is proved that in almost all European countries including Ukraine the number of active collaborators that is individuals who collaborated with the occupiers on an ideological basis remained small. The vast majority of citizens adapted to the situation choosing the model of behavior that corresponded to their moral and ethical qualities. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the motives of collaboration, the spectrum of which was very diverse. In addition it is very difficult to establish the true reasons for cooperation with the occupiers because the collaborators understood well the attitude towards them in the society and therefore disguised themselves. The conclusion of the authors of monographs and articles is unequivocal: the occupation regime in Ukraine and in the countries of Western Europe differed significantly in character especially in terms of cruelty and cynicism. It has been established that helpfulness or passive helpfulness was characteristic for most Western Europeans. Neither resistance nor active cooperation with the occupiers was equally undesirable for them. It is noted that the attempts to selectively read the past still do not stop which is unacceptable from the point of view of the true memory of World War II. The conclusion that the collaboration is more beneficial for the occupiers cannot be an excuse for hiding the facts of cooperation with the occupiers of the local population.

scholarly journals NOVELTY IN ARCHITECTURE AS A FACTOR OF ITS DESIGN: A CONSERVATIVE VIEW

space&FORM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (44) ◽  
pp. 309-316
Author(s):  
Irina Bembel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conservative View ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Almost All

The purposeful attitude towards novelty is a relatively young phenomenon. The attitude to the New as an independent value was shaped initially in the Renaissance (or in the late Middle Ages); it lies in the same channel with the theory of progress. The phenomenon of fashion was gradually formed under its influence and involved into its orbit almost all aspects of life, including art and architecture, one or another degree. The endless need for renewal is defined as one of the main features of modernity as a paradigm (‘modern’ as new, contemporary). What is fashion as a cultural phenomenon, and why did it acquire such great importance precisely in the Modern Times – the epoch of architectural ‘styles’? When does tradition become fashion? How are novelty and freedom, the two main values of the modern paradigm, related? How does the general attitude towards novelty affect the criteria for the aesthetic assessment of contemporary architecture? The category of fashion only recently has become a subject of philosophical reflection, while not affecting the sphere of architecture. In this article, the phenomenon of the New in architecture is considered from the point of philosophical traditionalism. Another starting point of reasoning is the method of the Viennese school of art history, formulated in the phrase “History of art as the history of the spirit”. The religious and philosophical context reveals a fundamentally different approach to the phenomena of novelty and freedom in tradition and modernity and deepens the understanding of the revolution that was carried out in modern architecture. Thus, it helps to substantiate S.O. Khan-Magomedov's idea of two superstyles and refutes the generally accepted point of view, according to which modern architecture directly inherits and evolutionarily develops the achievements of tradition. Taking this idea as a whole, we consider it more broadly – in the sphere of traditional and modern architecture.

scholarly journals The reflections of the political social and individual events of March 12 in the novels “Şafak” and “Gizli Emir”

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-184
Author(s):  
Ülkü Ayşe Oğuzhan Börekci
Keyword(s):  
English Summary ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

One of the most important themes of Turkish novel in the Republican era is the military interventions that left a mark on our history of democracy. Thus, it is known that since the beginning of 1960s, many novels’ political, social and cultural background and their viewpoints have been shaped by the impacts of the coups. In this respect, it is possible to say that the turning point of the emergence of examples that can be included in the political genre in the Turkish novel is March 12. Thus, there are the period’s difficult conditions in the centre of the most novels that talk about the period in question and in almost all of them elements that reflect mental state of individuals are written. Another remarkable point here is that no matter what the ideological tendencies of the writers are, while the life caused by the coup is given a meaning and narrated, the criticisms also concentrate on psychological effects. From this point of view, Sevgi Soysal’s novel “Şafak” and Melih Cevdet Anday’s novel “Gizli Emir” were analysed in this study. Thereby, while on one hand the characteristics of March 12 period are traced, on the other hand it is tried to be determined through which elements the writers discussed social, political and individual events. In this respect, in this study designed to be a descriptive research study that has qualitative characteristics both the exact words of the charachters in the novels and expressions of the writers were benefited from. In the analyses conducted, it was determined that the writers of these novels drew attention to difficulties experienced in daily life, psychological effects on individuals, violence and torture, and difficulties experienced by the artists during the March 12 period. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.   Özet Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk romanının en önemli temalarından biri demokrasi tarihimize damgasını vuran askeri müdahalelerdir. Nitekim 1960’lı yılların başından itibaren birçok romanın siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel arka planının ve bakış açısının darbelerin etkisiyle şekillendiği bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda Türk romanında gerçek anlamda politik türe dahil edilebilecek örneklerin ortaya çıkışının dönüm noktasının 12 Mart olduğunu söyleyebilmek mümkündür. Zira söz konusu dönemi kalemi alan romanların birçoğunun merkezinde dönemin zor koşulları yer almakta, hemen hepsinde bireylerin ruhsal durumlarını yansıtan unsurlar kaleme alınmaktadır. Burada dikkati çeken bir diğer unsur, yazarlarının ideolojik eğilimleri ne olursa olsun askeri müdahalelerin neden olduğu hayat anlamlandırılırken ve aktarılırken, yapılan eleştirilerin psikolojik etkiler üzerine de yoğunlaşmasıdır. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada, Sevgi Soysal’ın “Şafak” ve Melih Cevdet Anday’ın “Gizli Emir” adlı romanları incelenmiştir. Böylece bir taraftan 12 Mart dönemin özelliklerinin izleri sürülerken, bir taraftan da yazarların toplumsal, siyasal ve bireysel olayları hangi unsurlar üzerinden ele aldıkları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda niteliksel özellik taşıyan betimleyici bir araştırma olarak tasarlanan bu çalışmada hem romandaki kahramanların birebir ifadelerinden hem de yazarın ifadelerinden yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerde yazarların, 12 Mart sürecinde günlük hayatta yaşanan zorluklara, bireylerin üzerindeki psikolojik etkilere, şiddete ve işkenceye ve sanatçıların yaşadıkları güçlüklere dikkati çektikleri tespit edilmiştir.

scholarly journals N. E. Soum – the First Head of the Museum Department of the Institute of Out-of-School Education in Petrograd

2020 ◽  
pp. 1228-1240
Author(s):  
Vitaly G. Ananiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
School Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Out Of School

The revolutions of 1917 prompted a large-scale reorganization of almost all aspects of life in Russia. An important actor in its implementation was intelligentsia. Studying the biographies of the participants in that processes is important for two reasons. Firstly, it allows us to fill the gaps in the history of certain phenomena (i.e., the history of museum education in Russia). Secondly, it’s important from the point of view of prosopography, as biographies help a better understanding of certain historical types. That is important in the context of the anthropological approach to the study of revolutionary events. The object of this article is the biography of one of the personalities of the first post-revolutionary years, Nikolai Emmanuilovich Soum (1879–1926). Studying chemistry at St. Petersburg University in the 1890s–1900s, Soum to a great extent followed the path laid by his father's professional activities. However, he didn’t succeed in accomplishing his studies, perhaps on the account of his father’s death and failed family finances. In the 1910s, when working as a chemist, he joined in the activities of scientific and educational societies. The enlightenment pathos and practical application of science (his interest in photography) prepared the changes, which took place immediately after the revolution. Since 1918 Soum served in the Petrograd gubernia department of public education, and from 1919 headed the Museum department of the Petrograd Institute of Out-of-School Education. One of his first projects was system of training of museum workers, one of the first in Russia. Structural changes and unfavorable political conditions hindered the implementation of the initiative. Soum, same as earlier in the pre-revolutionary period, was pushed to the periphery of cultural life.

Perspectives of Reforming the System of Interbudget Relations in Russia (in the Light of the International Experience)

2006 ◽  
pp. 112-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nazarov
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short History ◽  
History Of

The attempts to reconstruct the instruments of interbudget relations take place in all federations. In Russia such attempts are especially popular due to the short history of intergovernmental relations. Thus the review of the ¬international experience of managing interbudget relations to provide economic and social welfare can be useful for present-day Russia. The author develops models of intergovernmental relations from the point of view of making decisions about budget authorities’ distribution. The models that can be better applied in the Russian case are demonstrated.

From the Tower of London to the Thomas More Society of Buenos Aires: “Give me thy grace, good Lord, to set the world at nought”

Moreana ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (Number 164) (4) ◽  
pp. 187-206
Author(s):  
Clare M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Short History ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Tower Of London ◽  
Hebrew Poetry ◽  
Prayer Book ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Of Hours ◽  
Almost All

The Thomas More Society of Buenos Aires begins or ends almost all its events by reciting in both English and Spanish a prayer written by More in the margins of his Book of Hours probably while he was a prisoner in the Tower of London. After a short history of what is called Thomas More’s Prayer Book, the author studies the prayer as a poem written in the form of a psalm according to the structure of Hebrew poetry, and looks at the poem’s content as a psalm of lament.

Beérkezett könyvek

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-770
Author(s):  
Csaba Pléh
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
New Science ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Oxford University Press

Danziger, Kurt: Marking the mind. A history of memory . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008Farkas, Katalin: The subject’s point of view. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008MosoninéFriedJudités TolnaiMárton(szerk.): Tudomány és politika. Typotex, Budapest, 2008Iacobini, Marco: Mirroring people. The new science of how we connect with others. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2008Changeux, Jean-Pierre. Du vrai, du beau, du bien.Une nouvelle approche neuronale. Odile Jacob, PárizsGazzaniga_n

Thanato-Laboratorien. Theorien von Tod und Sterben und Elias Canettis Buch gegen den Tod

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Heyne
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Elias Canetti ◽  
History Of ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Time ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Or History

AbstractAlthough visual culture of the 21th century increasingly focuses on representation of death and dying, contemporary discourses still lack a language of death adequate to the event shown by pictures and visual images from an outside point of view. Following this observation, this article suggests a re-reading of 20th century author Elias Canetti. His lifelong notes have been edited and published posthumously for the first time in 2014. Thanks to this edition Canetti's short texts and aphorisms can be focused as a textual laboratory in which he tries to model a language of death on experimental practices of natural sciences. The miniature series of experiments address the problem of death, not representable in discourses of cultural studies, system theory or history of knowledge, and in doing so, Canetti creates liminal texts at the margins of western concepts of (human) life, science and established textual form.

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