How superdiffusion gets arrested: ecological encounters explain shift from Lévy to Brownian movement

Ecological theory uses Brownian motion as a default template for describing ecological movement, despite limited mechanistic underpinning. The generality of Brownian motion has recently been challenged by empirical studies that highlight alternative movement patterns of animals, especially when foraging in resource-poor environments. Yet, empirical studies reveal animals moving in a Brownian fashion when resources are abundant. We demonstrate that Einstein's original theory of collision-induced Brownian motion in physics provides a parsimonious, mechanistic explanation for these observations. Here, Brownian motion results from frequent encounters between organisms in dense environments. In density-controlled experiments, movement patterns of mussels shifted from Lévy towards Brownian motion with increasing density. When the analysis was restricted to moves not truncated by encounters, this shift did not occur. Using a theoretical argument, we explain that any movement pattern approximates Brownian motion at high-resource densities, provided that movement is interrupted upon encounters. Hence, the observed shift to Brownian motion does not indicate a density-dependent change in movement strategy but rather results from frequent collisions. Our results emphasize the need for a more mechanistic use of Brownian motion in ecology, highlighting that especially in rich environments, Brownian motion emerges from ecological interactions, rather than being a default movement pattern.

Download Full-text

A State-of-the-Art Review on Empirical Data Collection for External Governed Pedestrians Complex Movement

Journal of Advanced Transportation ◽

10.1155/2018/1063043 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Xiaomeng Shi ◽

Zhirui Ye ◽

Nirajan Shiwakoti ◽

Offer Grembek

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Empirical Data ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Straight Line ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Pedestrian Traffic ◽

Random Flows ◽

Complex Movement

Complex movement patterns of pedestrian traffic, ranging from unidirectional to multidirectional flows, are frequently observed in major public infrastructure such as transport hubs. These multidirectional movements can result in increased number of conflicts, thereby influencing the mobility and safety of pedestrian facilities. Therefore, empirical data collection on pedestrians’ complex movement has been on the rise in the past two decades. Although there are several reviews of mathematical simulation models for pedestrian traffic in the existing literature, a detailed review examining the challenges and opportunities on empirical studies on the pedestrians complex movements is limited in the literature. The overall aim of this study is to present a systematic review on the empirical data collection for uni- and multidirectional crowd complex movements. We first categorized the complex movements of pedestrian crowd into two general categories, namely, external governed movements and internal driven movements based on the interactions with the infrastructure and among pedestrians, respectively. Further, considering the hierarchy of movement complexity, we decomposed the externally governed movements of pedestrian traffic into several unique movement patterns including straight line, turning, egress and ingress, opposing, weaving, merging, diverging, and random flows. Analysis of the literature showed that empirical data were highly rich in straight line and egress flow while medium rich in turning, merging, weaving, and opposing flows, but poor in ingress, diverging, and random flows. We put emphasis on the need for the future global collaborative efforts on data sharing for the complex crowd movements.

Download Full-text

What is the Biomechanical Principle of Forehand Smash in Badminton? - Article Review

Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries ◽

10.2478/spes-2020-0018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 221-229

Author(s):

Gilang Estina Putra ◽

Ria Lumintuarso

Keyword(s):

Movement Patterns ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Human Movement ◽

Biomechanical Analysis ◽

Future Research ◽

Good Movement

SummaryThe pattern of human movement is strongly influenced by biomotor conditions, age development will affect the level of biomotor maturity. Forehand smash is one of the techniques that every badminton athlete must master well. To do this stroke well, a good movement pattern is needed, biomotor maturity which in this study is related to the age of the athlete. So that the development of age will cause differences in movement patterns which in this study analyzes the forehand smash movement patterns in badminton based on age. It is known that the most efficient badminton technique for gaining points in badminton is the smash. The smash-hit is more likely to produce a fast shuttle lock rate performed using the forehand smash technique. So that in this study the writer will analyze a technique in badminton, namely the forehand smash technique. These findings contribute to future research on the biomechanical analysis of forehand smash motion in badminton.

Download Full-text

Conclusion

Interactive Political Leadership ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198777953.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 154-164

Author(s):

Eva Sørensen

Keyword(s):

Political Communication ◽

Institutional Design ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Political Leadership ◽

Future Research ◽

Theoretical Argument ◽

Political Learning ◽

Conditioning Factors ◽

Research Findings ◽

The Impact

Chapter 11 aggregates the conceptual developments and theoretical argument and research findings presented in the previous chapters into a theoretical framework for studying the political leadership of elected politicians in the age of governance. The framework suggests that interactive political leadership holds the potential to promote robust political authorization in the age of governance through a promotion of interactive democracy, political learning accountability, interactive political entrepreneurship, and socio-political implementation. Conditioning factors are multi-level governance, an increased mediatization of political communication and access to interactive political platforms and arenas. Moreover, the chapter provides twenty propositions regarding the prospects for, and dilemmas and challenges related to the performance of interactive political leadership that can guide and inspire future research. Finally, the chapter proposes an agenda for future research and highlights the need for empirical studies on the scope for interactive political leadership in different contexts, discourse analyses of current understandings of political leadership and followership, process studies of the interplay between politicians and citizens, and studies of the impact of institutional design on political leadership styles.

Download Full-text

Movement Patterns of Wintering Grassland Sparrows in Arizona

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/117.3.748 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 117 (3) ◽

pp. 748-759 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Caleb E. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Radio Telemetry ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Summer Rainfall ◽

Movement Behavior ◽

Home Ranges ◽

Mark Recapture ◽

Mobile Species ◽

Study Sites

Abstract I used mark-recapture analysis and radio telemetry to characterize winter movement patterns of six grassland sparrows in southeastern Arizona. Mark-recapture data were generated by banding birds captured during repeated flush-netting sessions conducted on a series of 7-ha plots over three consecutive winters. This resulted in 2,641 captures of 2,006 individual sparrows of the six species. Radio telemetry was conducted concurrently on 20 individuals of four of these species. Recapture data and radio telemetry indicated that Cassin's Sparrow (Aimophila cassinii) and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) were the most sedentary, followed by Baird's Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), and Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri). Grasshopper, Baird's, Savannah, and Vesper sparrows tended to remain within fixed home ranges during winter. With the exception of Savannah Sparrows, whose movement behavior varied among study sites, movement patterns remained constant within species across years and study sites despite radical fluctuations in the absolute and relative abundances of all species. Interspecific differences in movement pattern suggest that species in this system partition niche space according to the regional-coexistence mechanism. Abundances of the most sedentary species, Cassin's, Grasshopper, and Baird's sparrows, were poorly or negatively correlated with summer rainfall at the between-year landscape scale, whereas abundances of the more mobile Savannah, Vesper, and Brewer's sparrows were strongly positively correlated. This is consistent with the theoretical prediction that movement constrains large-scale habitat selection, favoring mobile species in fragmented environments.

Download Full-text

Location-Based Tracking Data and Customer Movement Pattern Analysis Using for Sustainable Fashion Business

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11226209 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 6209 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jonghyuk Kim ◽

Hyunwoo Hwangbo ◽

Sung Jun Kim ◽

Soyean Kim

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Pattern Analysis ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Tracking Data ◽

Discrete Location ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Before And After ◽

Stay Time ◽

Visual Merchandising

Retailers need accurate movement pattern analysis of human-tracking data to maximize the space performance of their stores and to improve the sustainability of their business. However, researchers struggle to precisely measure customers’ movement patterns and their relationships with sales. In this research, we adopt indoor positioning technology, including wireless sensor devices and fingerprinting techniques, to track customers’ movement patterns in a fashion retail store over four months. Specifically, we conducted three field experiments in three different timeframes. In each experiment, we rearranged one element of the visual merchandising display (VMD) to track and compare customer movement patterns before and after the rearrangement. For the analysis, we connected customers’ discrete location data to identify meaningful patterns in customers’ movements. We also used customers’ location and time information to match identified movement pattern data with sales data. After classifying individuals’ movements by time and sequences, we found that stay time in a particular zone had a greater impact on sales than the total stay time in the store. These results challenge previous findings in the literature that suggest that the longer customers stayed in a store, the more they purchase. Further, the results confirmed that effective store rearrangement could change not only customer movement patterns but also overall sales of store zones. This research can be a foundation for various practical applications of tracking data technologies.

Download Full-text

Ankle Dorsiflexion Among Healthy Men With Different Qualities of Lower Extremity Movement

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 617-623 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Alon Rabin ◽

Zvi Kozol ◽

Elad Spitzer ◽

Aharon Finestone

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽

Healthy Male ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Quality Of Movement ◽

Step Down

Context: Lower extremity movement patterns have been implicated as a risk factor for various knee disorders. Ankle-dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM) has previously been associated with a faulty movement pattern among healthy female participants. Objective: To determine the association between ankle DF ROM and the quality of lower extremity movement during the lateral step-down test among healthy male participants. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Training facility of the Israel Defense Forces. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty-five healthy male Israeli military recruits (age = 19.7 ± 1.1 years, height = 175.4 ± 6.4 cm, mass = 72.0 ± 7.6 kg). Intervention(s): Dorsiflexion ROM was measured in weight-bearing and non–weight-bearing conditions using a fluid-filled inclinometer and a universal goniometer, respectively. Lower extremity movement pattern was assessed visually using the lateral step-down test and classified categorically as good or moderate. All measurements were performed bilaterally. Main Outcome Measure(s): Weight-bearing and non–weight-bearing DF ROM were more limited among participants with moderate quality of movement than in those with good quality of movement on the dominant side (P = .01 and P = .02 for weight-bearing and non–weight-bearing DF, respectively). Non–weight-bearing DF demonstrated a trend toward a decreased range among participants with moderate compared with participants with good quality of movement on the nondominant side (P = .03 [adjusted P = .025]). Weight-bearing DF was not different between participants with good and moderate movement patterns on the nondominant side (P = .10). Weight-bearing and non–weight-bearing ankle DF ROM correlated significantly with the quality of movement on both sides (P < .01 and P < .05 on the dominant and nondominant side, respectively). Conclusions: Ankle DF ROM was associated with quality of movement among healthy male participants. The association seemed weaker in males than in females.

Download Full-text

Pattern Recognition of Overhead Forehand and Backhand in Badminton Based on the Sign of Local Euler Angle

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ◽

10.11591/ijeecs.v2.i3.pp625-635 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 625 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Muhammad Ilhamdi Rusydi ◽

Syamsul Huda ◽

Febdian Rusydi ◽

Muhammad Hadi Sucipto ◽

Minoru Sasaki

Keyword(s):

Pattern Recognition ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Dorsal Surface ◽

Arm Movement ◽

Euler Angle ◽

New Method ◽

Motion Sensor ◽

Movement Parameter

<p>Studying the badminton skill based on the arm movement is a challenge since the limitation of the sensor such as camera to record the movement parameter. This study proposed a new method to determine the pattern of arm movement for forehand and backhand strokes in badminton based on the sign of the local Euler angle gradient from four points of right arm segments. Each segments was identified by motion sensor attached to the dorsal surface of the hand (sensor 1), wrist (sensor 2), elbow (sensor 3) and shoulder (sensor 4). Three certified coaches participated in this research to determine the arm movement patterns for forehand and backhand strokes. Skills in forehand and backhand strokes from eight professional players and eight amateur players were observed to determint the pattern. The resulst showed that the local Euler angle can be used to recognize the arm movement pattern. Based on the observed patterns, the professional players had a higher similarity to the coaches’ patterns than those amateur players to the coaches’.</p>

Download Full-text

Wearable Sensor Data to Track Subject-Specific Movement Patterns Related to Clinical Outcomes Using a Machine Learning Approach

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18092828 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 2828 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Dylan Kobsar ◽

Reed Ferber

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Human Movement ◽

Sensor Data ◽

Learning Approach ◽

Wearable Sensor ◽

Machine Learning Approach ◽

Subject Specific

Wearable sensors can provide detailed information on human movement but the clinical impact of this information remains limited. We propose a machine learning approach, using wearable sensor data, to identify subject-specific changes in gait patterns related to improvements in clinical outcomes. Eight patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) completed two gait trials before and one following an exercise intervention. Wearable sensor data (e.g., 3-dimensional (3D) linear accelerations) were collected from a sensor located near the lower back, lateral thigh and lateral shank during level treadmill walking at a preferred speed. Wearable sensor data from the 2 pre-intervention gait trials were used to define each individual’s typical movement pattern using a one-class support vector machine (OCSVM). The percentage of strides defined as outliers, based on the pre-intervention gait data and the OCSVM, were used to define the overall change in an individual’s movement pattern. The correlation between the change in movement patterns following the intervention (i.e., percentage of outliers) and improvement in self-reported clinical outcomes (e.g., pain and function) was assessed using a Spearman rank correlation. The number of outliers observed post-intervention exhibited a large association (ρ = 0.78) with improvements in self-reported clinical outcomes. These findings demonstrate a proof-of-concept and a novel methodological approach for integrating machine learning and wearable sensor data. This approach provides an objective and evidence-informed way to understand clinically important changes in human movement patterns in response to exercise therapy.

Download Full-text

Ladder Safety: A Taxonomy of Limb-Movement Patterns for Three Points of Control

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17082897 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 2897 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Roger C. Jensen ◽

Charles J. Holland

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Performance Measure ◽

Limb Movement ◽

Safety Performance ◽

Empirical Information ◽

Relative Safety ◽

Safe Performance

Traditional guidance on ladder safety emphasizes training workers on the use of three points of contact. More recent guidance is to train workers to use three points of control. What is lacking is empirical information about what limb-movement patterns effectively support the use of three points of control. This project was conducted to establish a taxonomy of possible limb-movement patterns and a means for comparing relative safety. Prior to the experiment, a taxonomy of six possible limb-movement patterns was established. A sample of 20 undergraduate students performed four tasks each without any instructions on limb-movement pattern. The tasks were ascending and descending a straight ladder and a portable ladder, once each, while being videotaped. Out of 80 observed tasks, 59 of the subjects were using rungs rather than rails. Analysis of rung users identified the use of all six patterns. An innovative measure of safe performance was developed and used to compare the patterns. Statistical analysis did not find significant differences in the patterns based on the safety performance measure.

Download Full-text

Variables Associated with Performance of an Active Limb Movement following Within-Session Instruction in People with and People without Low Back Pain

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/867983 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara A. Scholtes ◽

Barbara J. Norton ◽

Sara P. Gombatto ◽

Linda R. Van Dillen

Keyword(s):

Low Back Pain ◽

Back Pain ◽

Movement Patterns ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Limb Movement ◽

Low Back ◽

Similar Relationship ◽

Passive Condition ◽

Active Condition ◽

And Gender

Modification of a movement pattern can be beneficial in decreasing low back pain (LBP) symptoms. There is variability, however, in how well people are able to modify performance of a movement. What has not been identified is the factors that may affect a person’s ability to modify performance of a movement. We examined factors related to performance of active hip lateral rotation (HLR) following standardized instructions in people with and people without LBP. Data were collected during performance of HLR under 3 conditions: passive, active, and active instructed. In people with LBP, motion demonstrated during the passive condition (r=0.873,P<0.001), motion demonstrated during the active condition (r=0.654,P=0.008), and gender (r=0.570,P=0.027) were related to motion demonstrated during the active-instructed condition. Motion demonstrated during the passive condition explained 76%(P<0.001)of the variance in motion demonstrated during the active-instructed condition. A similar relationship did not exist in people without LBP. The findings of the study suggest that it may be important to assess motion demonstrated during passive HLR to determine how difficult it will be for someone with LBP to modify the performance of HLR. Prognosis should be worst for those who display similar movement patterns during passive HLR and active-instructed HLR.

Download Full-text