EVALUATION OF THE SKELETAL AGE METHOD OF ESTIMATING CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
DONALD MAINLAND
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Age Assessment ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual

An observer's variable error in skeletal age assessment of hand RGs (i.e., the irregular ion between independent readings of the same film) was studied on 1,124 readings of 326 films from 233 children aged 16 months to 17 years. seventy-nine of the RGs were full-size reproductions in Macyr's Nutrition and Chemical Growth in Childhood; the remainder were actual films of children in Halifax, Canada (healthy Orphanage residents and children examined in a nutrition survey). There was no significant difference in variable error associated with the atlas (Todd, Greulich-Pyle), age of child, sex, differences between skeletal and chronologic age, differences between children, or differences between RGs of the same child, except for a tendency in the Macy Series for the poorest reproductions to have a larger variable error than the best reproductions. ions. In most readings the individual indicators were assessed separately and the results averaged, but a quicker method (over-all appraisal) did not produce a significantly different variable error. The quick method may be useful in large surveys, although it appears too coarse for the study of individual children. The observer's variable error was expressed by standard deviations of approximately three months (Macy Series—both atlases; Nutritirn Series—Greulich-Pyle atlas) and four months (Orphanage Series—both atlases). With a standard deviation of three months an assessor must affix an error of ± 8.3 months to his estimate of a child's progress in skeletal age, in order to obtain confidence limits with 95% probability. If his standard deviation is four months he must allow ± 11.1 months. For evaluation of the assessment method, many observers' estimates of variable error are needed, and an appeal for data is issued. After more than 1200 readings had been made the observer's practice lapsed for about a year. Reassessment of a random sample of RGs then showed, besides variable error, a mean systematic difference of approximately three months from the previous readings of the same films with the same atlas. To avoid this risk, any two films that are to be assessed for skeletal progress should be read within a few weeks of each other, and special precautions are therefore necessary to secure independence of the two readings.

scholarly journals Forensic age assessment using Kvaal’s method with digital orthopantomographs (OPG) and comparison with the actual age of the subjects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Azia Manzoor ◽  
Vinka Maini ◽  
Wasim Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Age Estimation ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Assessment ◽  
Lower Canine ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Dental Evidence ◽  
The Individual

Background: Forensic Dentistry is one of the branch of Forensic Medicine which deals with the complete handling of dental evidence, estimation and examination and the evidence obtained would be used in the court for justice. Kvaal and Solheim given a method used on adults for calculation of age with the help of morphological and radiological methods, but extraction was still required. Hence to improve this procedure Kvaal et al made a method which is totally based on radiological analysis. Aims and Objective: The present study was designed to compare the forensic age assessment using Kvaal’s method and digital orthopantomographs with the actual age of the subjects. Materials and Methods: Present observational study was conducted in subjects with all the required complement of teeth on either right or left side, completely erupted clinical crown, without any morphological abnormalities for age estimation by Kvaal’s method with digital orthopantomograph as and compared with actual age of subjects. Results: In the present study out of 100 subjects, maximum number of subjects i.e. 61 were in the age group of 20 – 29 and minimum number of subjects i.e. 7 were in the age group of 50 –59. 43 were females and 57 were males. The regression equation was derived for all six studied teeth and coefficient of determination R2 was found for all the individual six teeth. Coefficient of determination was highest for lower first premolar (0.517) followed by upper central incisor (0.178), lower canine (0.134), lower lateral incisors, upper second premolar and upper lateral incisors. M & W-L were found significant predictors for lower first premolar, lower canine and upper central incisors. Similarly, coefficient of determination (R2) was significant higher for lower three teeth (0.478) than upper three teeth (0.069) with M & W-L were significant predictor. Regression equation derived for all six teeth together shows significant coefficient of determination R2(0.430) with M, W-L both are significant predictors. No statistically significant difference between the actual age and estimated age for all individual six teeth was noted. Mean difference lowest for lower first premolar (0.001) followed by lower canine (0.007). Conclusion: We noted that age assessment using Kvaal’s method with digital orthopantomographas and actual age of the subjects were comparable & no significant difference was noted. Kvaal’s method with digital orthopantomographas is a better option for age estimation without teeth removal.

Analysis of Variance

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brynn Hibbert ◽  
J. Justin Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Combined Data

• What ANOVA is, and what it is used for. • To perform and interpret a one-way ANOVA. • To determine which effects are significant using least significant difference. • To perform and interpret a two-way ANOVA. … ANOVA is the workhorse method of using statistics to compare means and determine the effects of influence factors on measurement results (i.e., anything that can be varied or measured that may affect the result). In chapter 3 we learned how to use Student t-tests to compare two means. There is nothing to stop us performing a series of t-tests on pairs of means that must be compared, but a different approach that looks at the variance of data, ANOVA, can decide if there is a significant effect caused by a factor for which we have any number of sets of data. ANOVA relies on an understanding of two things. First, how the variances of different components can be combined to give the overall observed variance of data. Second, that a difference in means can lead to a spread of results of the combined data that can be detected in terms of an increased variance. As an example, consider an attempt to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of replicate analyses conducted by two methods. The standard deviation of each set of results will estimate the repeatability of the measurement. If the two methods have different means then the standard deviation of the combined data will be increased by any differences arising from the methods. This is illustrated in figure 4.1. When the means are far apart, even though the individual standard deviations are not great, the combination has a huge standard deviation. ANOVA is powerful because it can determine if there is significant difference among a number of instances of the same factor (e.g., if we wanted to know if there were any difference in the result between three or more analytical methods), and also among different factors (e.g., what is the effect of temperature and concentration on the yield of a reaction?).

A Quick Method for Assessing Transducer Mass Effects on the Measured FRFs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ren ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Xiaodong Zhou ◽  
Jinfeng Sun ◽  
Quan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Modal Testing ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Mass Effects ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
Measured Frequency Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Mass

In modal testing, the measured Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) are often affected by the mass loading of the transducers (such as force transducer and accelerometer) installed on the test structure. This paper proposed a quick method for assessing transducer mass effects on the measured FRFs (including point and transfer FRFs). The assessment method offers some distinct advantages in that very few FRFs measurements are required, and more importantly it does not require calculations involving several measured FRFs, hence avoiding further contaminations of the measured data. In this method, both force transducer and accelerometer masses effects have be considered. And the overall as well as the individual mass effects of the two transducers (force transducer and accelerometer) have been assessed, respectively. A simple numerical example presented illustrates good theoretical performance of the method. To simulate an experimental situation, the same example is extended to incorporate noise, and it is shown that the accuracy of assessment results will be affected to some extent by the noise. A possible solution to this problem is to preprocess the measured FRFs using the curve-fitting procedure before the proposed method is applied.

scholarly journals Evaluation and development of a bone age assessment method in patients with Down syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Michelle BM BM ◽  
Mari Eli LM ◽  
Fernando VR ◽  
Simone MRG ◽  
Déborah H
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Assessment ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vertebral Bone ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bone Age Assessment ◽  
Female Control

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the applicability of the method developed by Caldas to measure the vertebral bone age of Brazilians suffering from Down syndrome. A database comprised of 57 case records of individuals with this syndrome, both male and female, with ages ranging between 5 and 18 years, was used for this purpose. These records had lateral cephalometric radiographs and radiographs of hand and wrist, all of which had been obtained on the same date. There were 48 other records of individuals who did not suffer from Down syndrome. The Tanner and Whitehouse (TW3) method was used to perform the hand and wrist radiographs for obtaining bone age. The Caldas method was employed on the lateral cephalometric radiographs in order to obtain the vertebral bone age. From the information acquired on bone age, vertebral bone age and chronological age, it could be concluded that there is a statistically significant difference between the three ages for both the male and the female control group and for the female Down syndrome group. Therefore, this method was employed only on male Down syndrome individuals. Based on the results, a formula was developed to obtain the bone age for Down syndrome individuals.

scholarly journals A comparison of 3 different methods for assessment of skeletal age when treating leg-length discrepancies: an inter- and intra-observer study

2022 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 222-228
Author(s):  
Anne Berg Breen ◽  
Harald Steen ◽  
Are Pripp ◽  
Ragnhild Gunderson ◽  
Hilde Kristine Sandberg Mentzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Left Elbow ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and purpose — Skeletal maturity is a crucial parameter when calculating remaining growth in children. We compared 3 different methods, 2 manual and 1 automated, in the radiological assessment of bone age with respect to precision and systematic difference. Material and methods — 66 simultaneous examinations of the left hand and left elbow from children treated for leg-length discrepancies were randomly selected for skeletal age assessment. The radiographs were anonymized and assessed twice with at least 3 weeks’ interval according to the Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Sauvegrain (SG) methods by 5 radiologists with different levels of experience. The hand radiographs were also assessed for GP bone age by use of the automated BoneXpert (BX) method for comparison. Results — The inter-observer intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.96 for the GP and 0.98 for the SG method. The inter- and intra-observer standard error of the measurement (SEm) was 0.41 and 0.32 years for the GP method and 0.27 and 0.21 years for the SG method with a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the methods and between the experienced and the less experienced radiologists for both methods (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001). In 25% of the assessments the discrepancy between the GP and the SG methodwas > 1 year. There was no systematic difference comparing either manual method with the automatic BX method. Interpretation — With respect to the precision of skeletal age determination, we recommend using the SG method or preferably the automated BX method based on GP assessments in the calculation of remaining growth.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Aftermath Effect Of GST On Consumer Purchasing Power

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
S. Thowseaf ◽  
M. Ayisha Millath ◽  
K. Malik Ali
Keyword(s):  
Living Standard ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Taxation System

Tax is an important source of income for the country. It is through tax; country strengthens its defense system, infrastructure, and government. Hence, tax system plays a predominant role in developing country’s economy. The complication in taxation system and liberty for taxpayers are key factors generating loopholes for corruption. GST is superior taxation system over VAT but, if neither properly implemented nor scrutinized according to the economy, it is people residing get affected.  GST taxation system is capable of increasing legal transaction, reducing corruption and complexity that exists in current taxation. India is 166th country to adopt GST and GST taxation slab in India is 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.  Although average Tax levied is 14.8750% in India, it is 28% tax that is levied for most of the commodities, which are directly or indirectly used in everyday life of common individuals. Despite, GST being favorable to distributor in-terms of profit and government to attain tax by increasing legal transaction through invoice. It is noted that for the same percentage of taxation, the amount does not vary for VAT and GST. The tax slab decreased for 71 commodities and no change in 21 commodities; there has been an increase in tax slab for 60 commodities. 26% taxation was levied for most commodities considered was currently levied by 28% taxation which is greater than before. It was found that average tax percentage reduced was calculated to be 6.07143. The average tax percentage increase was calculated to be 4.7833 percentage for the considered commodities. The overall tax average tax percentage is estimated to be 14.8750% which does not have a significant difference concerning tax levied before GST, which was calculated to be 15.7829% for considered commodities. Therefore, the consumer purchasing power and overall living standard of the individual in India will remain almost same.

HISTÓRICO DO COMPRIMENTO TOTAL DE TAMBAQUI (Colossoma macropomum, CHARACIFORMES: CHARACIDAE, CUVIER, 1818) DESEMBARCADO NO MERCADO DE TEFÉ, AMAZONAS, BRASIL, COM NOVE RECOMENDAÇÕES PARA O MANEJO PESQUEIRO DA ESPÉCIE

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Iván Sánchez-Botero ◽  
Danielle Sequeira Garcez ◽  
Wesllen Chaves Cortezão
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Pressure Diffusion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms ◽  
Solimões River

This study evaluates the total length of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum ) captured in the middle Solimões river and traded during seven years (1993, 1997 and 2000 to 2005) in the Tefé market, Amazon, Brazil. The Mamirauá Institute of Sustainable Development obtained measurements of the total lengths from 42207 individuals. The length average was 45.23 ± 6.29 cm (minim um of 13 cm and maximum of 105.5 cm ) and the mode was 45 cm . From the total tambaquis, 92.86% were smaller than 55 cm and 7.14% measured 58.24 ± 5.41 cm on average. Medium and standard deviation of the lengths recorded in all years showed sizes below the established by the environmental federal agency. The Kruskal Wallis test showed that there is no significant difference between the abundances and medium sizes of the captures during all months of the year. The historical data of the tambaqui fisheries for the middle Solimões region indicate that individuals of this species have been constantly captured at sizes below the minim um length of reproduction. Nine recommendations for tambaquis fisheries management in the region related to more efficient mechanisms of inspection, auto-ecology studies of the species, environmental protection, reduction of fishery pressure, diffusion and educational cam paigns that aim to correct exploitation of this resource are presented in this manuscript.

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI PADA PEER GROUP (TEMAN SEBAYA) TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN PERSEPSI REMAJA TENTANG PENDEWASAAN USIA PERKAWINAN DI SMA NEGERI 1 KECAMATAN NAMORAMBE KAB. DELI SERDANG 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Irma Linda
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reproductive Health Education ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Adolescent Perceptions

Background: Early marriages are at high risk of marital failure, poor family quality, young pregnancies at risk of maternal death, and the risk of being mentally ill to foster marriage and be responsible parents. Objective: To determine the effect of reproductive health education on peer groups (peers) on the knowledge and perceptions of adolescents about marriage age maturity. Method: This research uses the Quasi experimental method with One group pre and post test design, conducted from May to September 2018. The statistical analysis used in this study is a paired T test with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0, 05). Results: There is an average difference in the mean value of adolescent knowledge between the first and second measurements is 0.50 with a standard deviation of 1.922. The mean difference in mean scores of adolescent perceptions between the first and second measurements was 4.42 with a standard deviation of 9.611. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between adolescent knowledge on the pretest and posttest measurements with a value of P = 0.002, and there is a significant difference between adolescent perceptions on the pretest and posttest measurements with a value of p = 0.001. Increasing the number of facilities and facilities related to reproductive health education by peer groups (peers) in adolescents is carried out on an ongoing basis at school, in collaboration with local health workers as prevention of risky pregnancy.

scholarly journals A comparison between Asians and Caucasians in the dimensions of the femoral isthmus based on a 3D-CT analysis of 1189 adult femurs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius M. Thiesen ◽  
Dimitris Ntalos ◽  
Alexander Korthaus ◽  
Andreas Petersik ◽  
Karl-Heinz Frosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Femur ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
3D Ct ◽  
Femur Fractures ◽  
Matched Pair Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ct Analysis ◽  
Ct Data ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Introduction For successful intramedullary implant placement at the femur, such as nailing in unstable proximal femur fractures, the use of an implant that at least reaches or exceeds the femoral isthmus and yields sufficient thickness is recommended. A number of complications after intramedullary femoral nailing have been reported, particularly in Asians. To understand the anatomical features of the proximal femur and their ethnic differences, we aimed to accurately calculate the femoral isthmus dimensions and proximal distance of Asians and Caucasians. Methods In total, 1189 Asian and Caucasian segmented 3D CT data sets of femurs were analyzed. The individual femoral isthmus diameter was precisely computed to investigate whether gender, femur length, age, ethnicity or body mass index have an influence on isthmus diameters. Results The mean isthmus diameter of all femurs was 10.71 ± 2.2 mm. A significantly larger diameter was found in Asians when compared to Caucasians (p < 0.001). Age was a strong predictor of the isthmus diameter variability in females (p < 0.001, adjusted r2 = 0.299). With every year of life, the isthmus showed a widening of 0.08 mm in women. A Matched Pair Analysis of 150 female femurs showed a significant difference between isthmus diameter in Asian and Caucasian femurs (p = 0.05). In 50% of the cases the isthmus was found in a range of 2.4 cm between 16.9 and 19.3 cm distal to the tip of the greater trochanter. The female Asian femur differs from Caucasians as it is wider at the isthmus. Conclusions In absolute values, the proximal isthmus distance did not show much variation but is more proximal in Asians. The detailed data presented may be helpful in the development of future implant designs. The length and thickness of future standard implants may be considered based on the findings.

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