scholarly journals Conjugation of resting nuclei in an epithelioma of the mouse.

1904 ◽  
Vol 73 (488-496) ◽  
pp. 77-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Bashford ◽  
James Alexander Murray ◽  
John Rose Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Previous Communication

In a previous communication we have drawn attention to the fact that the power of cell proliferation, which has been proved to occur in an epithelioma of the mouse (Jensen), is a phenomenon unparalleled in the mammalia. A mass of tumour, 16 lbs. in weight, has been produced by artificially transplanting portions of the original growth and its descendants. In seeking to throw light on this fact, we have studied carefully the phenomena which follow the transplantations of portions of the tissue to new sites, and have found that the tumours which arise are the genealogical descendants of the cells introduced. We have studied the growth of the tumours which arise at successive stages of 24 hours. In a tumour removed on the eighth day, and less than half a split pea in size, conjugation of resting nuclei has been observed. To take a specific case, the nuclei of two adjacent cells are continuous through the cell wall by a tube-like bridge, in the middle of which a strand of nucleolar substance with fusiform swellings in either cell is visible. The cells of this particular case are adjacent to. the stroma, and close to the outer surface of the young tumour.

The Location of the Chickpea Cell Wall ßV-Galactosidase Suggests Involvement in the Transition between Cell Proliferation and Cell Elongation

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Martín ◽  
Teresa Jiménez ◽  
Josefina Hernández-Nistal ◽  
Emilia Labrador ◽  
Berta Dopico
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Elongation

scholarly journals Host-parasite tissue adhesion by a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken-ichi Kurotani ◽  
Takanori Wakatake ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi ◽  
Koji Okayasu ◽  
Yu Sawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Gene Clustering ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Tissue Adhesion

AbstractTissue adhesion between plant species occurs both naturally and artificially. Parasitic plants establish symbiotic relationship with host plants by adhering tissues at roots or stems. Plant grafting, on the other hand, is a widely used technique in agriculture to adhere tissues of two stems. While compatibility of tissue adhesion in plant grafting is often limited within close relatives, parasitic plants exhibit much wider compatibilities. For example, the Orobanchaceae parasitic plant Striga hermonthica is able to infect Poaceae crop plants, causing a serious agricultural loss. Here we found that the model Orobanchaceae parasite plant Phtheirospermum japonicum can be grafted on to interfamily species, such as Arabidopsis, a Brassicaceae plant. To understand molecular basis of tissue adhesion between distant plant species, we conducted comparative transcriptome analyses on both infection and grafting by P. japonicum on Arabidopsis. Through gene clustering, we identified genes upregulated during these tissue adhesion processes, which include cell proliferation- and cell wall modification-related genes. By comparing with a transcriptome dataset of interfamily grafting between Nicotiana and Arabidopsis, we identified 9 genes commonly induced in tissue adhesion between distant species. Among them, we showed a gene encoding secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase plays an important role for plant parasitism. Our data provide insights into the molecular commonality between parasitism and grafting in plants.Significance StatementComprehensive sequential RNA-Seq datasets for parasitic infection of the root and grafting of the stem between P. japonicum and Arabidopsis revealed that molecular events of parasitism and grafting are substantially different and only share a part of events such as cell proliferation and cell wall modification. This study demonstrated that a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase gene expressed in cells located at the parasite–host interface as an important factor for parasitism in the Orobanchaceae.

scholarly journals An In Silico Study for the Identification of Novel Putative Compounds Against the Wild and Mutant Type Penicillin Binding Protein 2 of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 8996-9006
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Cell Wall Biosynthesis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Penicillin Binding Protein ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
In Silico Study

Penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) is an enzyme crucial for cell wall biosynthesis during cell proliferation of N. gonorrhoeae. In the present work, the crystal structures of wild and mutant type PBP2 were analyzed to identify structural changes leading to antibiotic resistance. Other than these two targets, three other targets were generated by analyzing possible hot spots for mutations in PBP2. By using a reverse screening approach, fifteen molecules were screened and processed for ligand binding analysis with all five targets. The analysis of the above studies suggested that two compounds Guanosine 5’-diphosphate and Thymidine 3', 5’-diphosphate show the good binding affinity than Ceftriaxone and other compounds. Further, we have generated ten novel compounds using Ceftriaxone, Guanosine 5’-diphosphate, and Thymidine 3', 5’-diphosphate. To identify the novel findings, all novel compounds were docked against aforesaid five targets. The studies resulted in the finding of three best molecules that may be considered as suitable, potent, and generic inhibitors against N. gonorrhoeae other than Ceftriaxone.

scholarly journals The Cell Wall Teichuronic Acid Synthetase (TUAS) Is an Enzyme Complex Located in the Cytoplasmic Membrane ofMicrococcus luteus

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyi Lynn Deng ◽  
Alice A. Alexander ◽  
Sijin Lei ◽  
John S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Bacterial Membrane ◽  
Enzyme Complex ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Teichuronic Acid ◽  
Long Chain

The cell wall teichuronic acid (TUA) ofMicrococcus luteusis a long-chain polysaccharide composed of disaccharide repeating units[-4-β-D-ManNAcAp-(1→6)α-D-Glcp−1-]n, which is covalently anchored to the peptidoglycan on the inner cell wall and extended to the outer surface of the cell envelope. An enzyme complex responsible for the TUA chain biosynthesis was purified and characterized. The 440 kDa enzyme complex, named teichuronic acid synthetase (TUAS), is an octomer composed of two kinds of glycosyltransferases, Glucosyltransferase, and ManNAcA-transferase, which is capable of catalyzing the transfer of disaccharide glycosyl residues containing both glucose and theN-acetylmannosaminuronic acid residues. TUAS displays hydrophobic properties and is found primarily associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. The purified TUAS contains carotinoids and lipids. TUAS activity is diminished by phospholipase digestion. We propose that TUAS serves as a multitasking polysaccharide assembling station on the bacterial membrane.

scholarly journals Direct Evidence for a Radial Gradient in Age of the Apple Fruit Cuticle

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiru Si ◽  
Bishnu P. Khanal ◽  
Oliver K. Schlüter ◽  
Moritz Knoche
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Radial Gradient ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Epidermal Cell Wall

The pattern of cuticle deposition plays an important role in managing strain buildup in fruit cuticles. Cuticular strain is the primary trigger for numerous fruit-surface disorders in many fruit crop species. Recent evidence indicates a strain gradient may exist within the apple fruit cuticle. The outer layers of the cuticle are more strained and thus more susceptible to microcracking than the inner layers. A radial gradient in cuticle age is the most likely explanation. Our study aimed to establish whether (or not) deposition of new cutin in a developing apple fruit occurs on the inner surface of the cuticle, i.e., immediately abutting the outward-facing epidermal cell wall. Developing apples were fed with 13C oleic acid through the skin. Following a 14-d period for incorporation, the fruit was harvested and the cuticular membranes (CMs) isolated enzymatically. The CMs were then ablated to varying extents from the inner or the outer surfaces, using a cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP). Afterwards, the ablated CMs were dewaxed and the 13C contents were determined by mass spectrometry. The incorporation of 13C in the cutin fraction was higher than in the wax fraction. The 13C content was highest in non-ablated, dewaxed CM (DCM) and decreased as ablation depth from the inner surface increased. There was no change in 13C content when ablation was carried out from the outer surface. As fruit development proceeded, more 13C label was found towards the middle of the DCM. These results offered direct evidence for deposition of cutin being on the inner surface of the cuticle, resulting in a radial gradient in cuticular age—the most recent deposition (youngest) being on the inner cuticle surface (abutting the epidermal cell wall) and the earliest deposition (oldest) being on the outer surface (abutting the atmosphere).

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF MESOSOMES (CHONDRIOIDS) OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS AFTER FREEZE-ETCHING

1968 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nanninga
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Bacterial Membranes ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Freeze Etching

Freeze-etched cells of Bacillus subtilis have been studied with the electron microscope. The outer surface of the plasma membrane, i.e. the side facing the cell wall, is covered with numerous granules and short strands, each measuring approximately 50 A in diameter. These strands are occasionally seen to enter the cell wall. The inner surface of the plasma membrane, i.e. the side facing the cytoplasm, appears to be sparsely dotted with small particles measuring about 50 A. The envelope of mesosomes differs from the plasma membrane. Blunt protrusions arise from its outer surface; the inner surface appears smooth. Stalked particles, as described by other investigators after negative staining with phosphotungstic acid, were not observed on any membrane surface in our material. Preparations were also made of specimens prefixed in osmium tetroxide prior to freeze-etching. Under these conditions the bacterial membranes appeared to be surprisingly well preserved. In contrast to directly frozen, unfixed cells, some osmium tetroxide-fixed preparations showed a differentiation in cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, which made it possible to observe the close association of the mesosome with the latter.

scholarly journals DISSIMILARITY OF INNER AND OUTER PROTOPLASMIC SURFACES IN VALONIA

1927 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. V. Osterhout ◽  
E. B. Damon ◽  
A. G. Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Fundamental Significance ◽  
Inner Surface

The protoplasm of Valonia macrophysa forms a delicate layer, only a few microns in thickness, which contains numerous chloroplasts and nuclei. The outer surface is in contact with the cell wall, the inner with the vacuolar sap. As far as microscopic observation goes, these two surfaces seem alike; but measurements of potential difference indicate that they are decidedly different. We find that the chain sap | protoplasm | sap gives about 14.5 millivolts, the inner surface being positive to the outer. In order to explain this we may assume that the protoplasm consists of layers, the outer surface, X, differing from the inner surface, Y, and from the body of the protoplasm, W. We should then have the unsymmetrical chain sap | X | W | Y | sap which could produce an electromotive force. If the two surfaces of such a very thin layer of protoplasm can be different, it is of fundamental significance for the theory of the nature of living matter.

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