Emergence of protocellular growth laws

Template-directed replication is known to obey a parabolic growth law due to product inhibition (Sievers & Von Kiedrowski 1994 Nature 369 , 221; Lee et al . 1996 Nature 382 , 525; Varga & Szathmáry 1997 Bull. Math. Biol . 59 , 1145). We investigate a template-directed replication with a coupled template catalysed lipid aggregate production as a model of a minimal protocell and show analytically that the autocatalytic template–container feedback ensures balanced exponential replication kinetics; both the genes and the container grow exponentially with the same exponent. The parabolic gene replication does not limit the protocellular growth, and a detailed stoichiometric control of the individual protocell components is not necessary to ensure a balanced gene–container growth as conjectured by various authors (Gánti 2004 Chemoton theory ). Our analysis also suggests that the exponential growth of most modern biological systems emerges from the inherent spatial quality of the container replication process as we show analytically how the internal gene and metabolic kinetics determine the cell population's generation time and not the growth law (Burdett & Kirkwood 1983 J. Theor. Biol . 103 , 11–20; Novak et al . 1998 Biophys. Chem . 72 , 185–200; Tyson et al . 2003 Curr. Opin. Cell Biol . 15 , 221–231). Previous extensive replication reaction kinetic studies have mainly focused on template replication and have not included a coupling to metabolic container dynamics (Stadler et al . 2000 Bull. Math. Biol . 62 , 1061–1086; Stadler & Stadler 2003 Adv. Comp. Syst . 6 , 47). The reported results extend these investigations. Finally, the coordinated exponential gene–container growth law stemming from catalysis is an encouraging circumstance for the many experimental groups currently engaged in assembling self-replicating minimal artificial cells (Szostak 2001 et al . Nature 409 , 387–390; Pohorille & Deamer 2002 Trends Biotech . 20 123–128; Rasmussen et al . 2004 Science 303 , 963–965; Szathmáry 2005 Nature 433 , 469–470; Luisi et al . 2006 Naturwissenschaften 93 , 1–13). 1

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A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia, ed. Carolyne Larrington, Judy Quinn, and Brittany Schorn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, xii, 413 pp., 12 b/w ill.

Mediaevistik ◽

10.3726/med012018_366 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 366-366

Author(s):

Albrecht Classen

Keyword(s):

Old Norse ◽

Entire Volume ◽

Cambridge University ◽

Critical Studies ◽

Individual Contributions ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual ◽

Made In ◽

Scandinavian Literature

Eddic poetry constitutes one of the most important genres in Old Norse or Scandinavian literature and has been studied since the earliest time of modern-day philology. The progress we have made in that field is impressive, considering the many excellent editions and translations, not to mention the countless critical studies in monographs and articles. Nevertheless, there is always a great need to revisit, to summarize, to review, and to digest the knowledge gained so far. The present handbook intends to address all those goals and does so, to spell it out right away, exceedingly well. But in contrast to traditional concepts, the individual contributions constitute fully developed critical article, each with a specialized topic elucidating it as comprehensively as possible, and concluding with a section of notes. Those are kept very brief, but the volume rounds it all off with an inclusive, comprehensive bibliography. And there is also a very useful index at the end. At the beginning, we find, following the table of contents, a list of the contributors, unfortunately without emails, a list of translations and abbreviations of the titles of Eddic poems in the Codex Regius and then elsewhere, and a very insightful and pleasant introduction by Carolyne Larrington. She briefly introduces the genre and then summarizes the essential points made by the individual authors. The entire volume is based on the Eddic Network established by the three editors in 2012, and on two workshops held at St. John’s College, Oxford in 2013 and 2014.

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Individuality and Beyond

10.1093/oso/9780190929213.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Benedetta Zavatta

Keyword(s):

Moral Autonomy ◽

First Line ◽

Philosophical Interpretation ◽

Individual Personality ◽

The World ◽

Regulative Ideal ◽

Personal Library ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

Based on an analysis of the marginal markings and annotations Nietzsche made to the works of Emerson in his personal library, the book offers a philosophical interpretation of the impact on Nietzsche’s thought of his reading of these works, a reading that began when he was a schoolboy and extended to the final years of his conscious life. The many ideas and sources of inspiration that Nietzsche drew from Emerson can be organized in terms of two main lines of thought. The first line leads in the direction of the development of the individual personality, that is, the achievement of critical thinking, moral autonomy, and original self-expression. The second line of thought is the overcoming of individuality: that is to say, the need to transcend one’s own individual—and thus by definition limited—view of the world by continually confronting and engaging with visions different from one’s own and by putting into question and debating one’s own values and certainties. The image of the strong personality that Nietzsche forms thanks to his reading of Emerson ultimately takes on the appearance of a nomadic subject who is continually passing out of themselves—that is to say, abandoning their own positions and convictions—so as to undergo a constant process of evolution. In other words, the formation of the individual personality takes on the form of a regulative ideal: a goal that can never be said to have been definitively and once and for all attained.

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Entangling Lattice-Trapped Bosons with a Free Impurity: Impact on Stationary and Dynamical Properties

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23030290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 290

Author(s):

Maxim Pyzh ◽

Kevin Keiler ◽

Simeon I. Mistakidis ◽

Peter Schmelcher

Keyword(s):

Structural Changes ◽

Many Body ◽

Wide Range ◽

Entropy Measures ◽

Particle Level ◽

The Many ◽

The One ◽

Tunneling Dynamics ◽

The Individual ◽

Trapped Bosons

We address the interplay of few lattice trapped bosons interacting with an impurity atom in a box potential. For the ground state, a classification is performed based on the fidelity allowing to quantify the susceptibility of the composite system to structural changes due to the intercomponent coupling. We analyze the overall response at the many-body level and contrast it to the single-particle level. By inspecting different entropy measures we capture the degree of entanglement and intraspecies correlations for a wide range of intra- and intercomponent interactions and lattice depths. We also spatially resolve the imprint of the entanglement on the one- and two-body density distributions showcasing that it accelerates the phase separation process or acts against spatial localization for repulsive and attractive intercomponent interactions, respectively. The many-body effects on the tunneling dynamics of the individual components, resulting from their counterflow, are also discussed. The tunneling period of the impurity is very sensitive to the value of the impurity-medium coupling due to its effective dressing by the few-body medium. Our work provides implications for engineering localized structures in correlated impurity settings using species selective optical potentials.

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Children’s ability to edit their memories when learning about the environment from credible and noncredible websites

Cognitive Research Principles and Implications ◽

10.1186/s41235-021-00305-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kim P. Roberts ◽

Katherine R. Wood ◽

Breanne E. Wylie

Keyword(s):

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Choice Test ◽

Multiple Choice Test ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Older Children ◽

Inaccurate Information ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual ◽

Many Sources ◽

Website Content

AbstractOne of the many sources of information easily available to children is the internet and the millions of websites providing accurate, and sometimes inaccurate, information. In the current investigation, we examined children’s ability to use credibility information about websites when learning about environmental sustainability. In two studies, children studied two different websites and were tested on what they had learned a week later using a multiple-choice test containing both website items and new distracters. Children were given either no information about the websites or were told that one of the websites (the noncredible website) contained errors and they should not use any information from that website to answer the test. In both studies, children aged 7- to 9-years reported information from the noncredible website even when instructed not to, whereas the 10- to 12-year-olds used the credibility warning to ‘edit out’ information that they had learned from the noncredible website. In Study 2, there was an indication that the older children spontaneously assessed the credibility of the website if credibility markers were made explicit. A plausible explanation is that, although children remembered information from the websites, they needed explicit instruction to bind the website content with the relevant source (the individual websites). The results have implications for children’s learning in an open-access, digital age where information comes from many sources, credible and noncredible. Education in credibility evaluation may enable children to be critical consumers of information thereby resisting misinformation provided through public sources.

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Property and Organization Studies

Organization Studies ◽

10.1177/0170840617745922 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 497-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicolas Bencherki ◽

Alaric Bourgoin

Keyword(s):

Speech Acts ◽

Black Box ◽

Organization Studies ◽

Crack Open ◽

Legal Definition ◽

The Many ◽

Property Changes ◽

The Individual

Property is pervasive, and yet we organization scholars rarely discuss it. When we do, we think of it as a black-boxed concept to explain other phenomena, rather than studying it in its own right. This may be because organization scholars tend to limit their understanding of property to its legal definition, and emphasize control and exclusion as its defining criteria. This essay wishes to crack open the black box of property and explore the many ways in which possessive relations are established. They are achieved through work, take place as we make sense of signs, are invoked into existence in our speech acts, and travel along sociomaterial networks. Through a fictionalized account of a photographic exhibition, we show that property overflows its usual legal-economic definition. Building on the case of the photographic exhibit, we show that recognizing the diversity of property changes our rapport with organization studies as a field, by unifying its approaches to the individual-vs.-collective dilemma. We conclude by noting that if theories can make a difference, then whoever controls the assignment of property – including academics who ascribe properties to their objects of study – decides not only who has or who owns what, but also who or what that person or thing can be.

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Appropriating Law in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Dred

Nineteenth-Century Literature ◽

10.1525/ncl.2007.62.3.380 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 380-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Laura H. Korobkin

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Legal System ◽

Slave System ◽

Personal Beliefs ◽

Great Dismal Swamp ◽

Dismal Swamp ◽

The World ◽

The Law ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual

This essay investigates Harriet Beecher Stowe's interpolation of State v. Mann, a harsh 1829 North Carolina proslavery decision, into her 1856 novel Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. The essay argues that Stowe's use of State v. Mann continues a conversation about slavery that had been carried on through its text for many years in abolitionist writings. Bringing State v. Mann's circulation history into view shows Stowe engaging the antislavery establishment as well as the legal system, borrowing and imitating its techniques for handling proslavery materials. If her novel is infiltrated and structured by the many legal writings that it assimilates, its fictive world in turn infiltrates, interprets, and alters the significance of the writings she employs, so that proslavery legal writings are made to testify strongly against the slave system that they originally worked to maintain and enforce. Stowe's hybrid text dominates the law while smoothly assimilating it into an interpretive fictive context. Simultaneously, Stowe's typographical cues remind readers of State v. Mann's ongoing, destructive extratextual legal existence. By linking fictive context to legal content, Stowe's novel suggests that slave law must be read and interpreted as a unit that includes the individual suffering it imposes. Misreading State v. Mann as revealing its author's belief in the immorality of slavery, Stowe constructs a fictional judge who upholds slave law despite his personal beliefs. By absorbing, imitating, and besting the strategies and the reach of both legal and abolitionist writings, Dred implicitly stakes a claim for the superior power of political fiction to act in the world.

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Kinetic studies on two isoforms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from maize leaves

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj3180997 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 318 (3) ◽

pp. 997-1006 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Derek HERBERT ◽

Lindsey J PRICE ◽

Claude ALBAN ◽

Laure DEHAYE ◽

Dominique JOB ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Studies ◽

Product Inhibition ◽

Hill Equation ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

Maize Leaves ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

A Minor ◽

The Hill

The steady-state kinetics of two multifunctional isoforms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) from maize leaves (a major isoform, ACCase1 and a minor isoform, ACCase2) have been investigated with respect to reaction mechanism, inhibition by two graminicides of the aryloxyphenoxypropionate class (quizalofop and fluazifop) and some cellular metabolites. Substrate interaction and product inhibition patterns indicated that ADP and Pi products from the first partial reaction were not released before acetyl-CoA bound to the enzymes. Product inhibition patterns did not match exactly those predicted for an ordered Ter Ter or a random Ter Ter mechanism, but were close to those postulated for an ordered mechanism. ACCase2 was about 1/2000 as sensitive as ACCase1 to quizalofop but only about 1/150 as sensitive to fluazifop. Fitting inhibition data to the Hill equation indicated that binding of quizalofop or fluazifop to ACCase1 was non-cooperative, as shown by the Hill constant (napp) values of 0.86 and 1.16 for quizalofop and fluazifop respectively. Apparent inhibition constant values (K´ from the Hill equation) for ACCase1 were 0.054 µM for quizalofop and 21.8 µM for fluazifop. On the other hand, binding of quizalofop or fluazifop to ACCase2 exhibited positive co-operativity, as shown by the napp values of 1.85 and 1.59 for quizalofop and fluazifop respectively. K´ values for ACCase2 were 1.7 mM for quizalofop and 140 mM for fluazifop. Kinetic parameters for the co-operative binding of quizalofop to maize ACCase2 were close to those of another multifunctional ACCase of limited sensitivity to graminicide, ACC220 from pea. Inhibition of ACCase1 by quizalofop was mixed-type with respect to acetyl-CoA or ATP, but the concentration of acetyl-CoA had the greater effect on the level of inhibition. Neither ACCase1 nor ACCase2 was appreciably sensitive to CoA esters of palmitic acid (16:0) or oleic acid (18:1). Approximate IC50 values were 10 µM (ACCase2) and 50 µM (ACCase1) for both CoA esters. Citrate concentrations up to 1 mM had no effect on ACCase1 activity. Above this concentration, citrate was inhibitory. ACCase2 activity was slightly stimulated by citrate over a broad concentration range (0.25–10 mM). The significance of possible effects of acyl-CoAs or citrate in vivo is discussed.

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Synthetic futurism: exploring the possibilities of limitless architectural change and growth

10.32920/ryerson.14654970.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hovag John Kara-Yacoubian

Keyword(s):

Architectural Change ◽

The People ◽

Core Components ◽

Group Form ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual ◽

Contextual Change

Buildings do not have to burst out of the ground with a predetermined identity. They have an inherent need to grow, change and reinvent themselves to reflect the changes among the people and context. In the ever-changing condition of the context, the design of a building must be conscious of and attuned to the growing needs of society. It cannot assume it is destined for a singular purpose, as instead it is defined by a continuity of growth and reinvention. With the onset of contextual changes, the fleeting moment of a design’s conception becomes less significant. In turn, what rises in import is the integration of contingency to allow a design to metabolize the effects of the contextual change and synthesize new solutions within a flexible, absorptive system. Each added component through its relationship with subcomponents and previously existing elements can serve to create diversity, continuity and flexible internal hierarchies between continuous servant and served space. The summation of the Group Form that results from the melding of many parts can allow the buildings identity to shift as the individual parts reform and change to form new cohesive identities. By manufacturing the base and set of core components, a radically diverse system can grow beyond the limits of the originating elements, adding malleability to the many comprising identities.

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Memoirs: Notes on the Maturation of the Ovum of Alcyonium digitatum

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s2-49.195.493 ◽

1905 ◽

Vol s2-49 (195) ◽

pp. 493-505

Author(s):

M. D. HILL

Keyword(s):

Egg Cell ◽

Whole Process ◽

Material Preparations ◽

Polar Bodies ◽

Female Pronucleus ◽

History Of ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual ◽

Nuclear History ◽

Do So

Although the foregoing accouut is obviously incomplete, yet it is possible to draw some conclusions. I believe we have shown that: (a) The egg of Aleyonium produces no polar bodies in the ordinary sense of the word. (b) That the division of the female pronucleus before the entrance of the spermatozoon is irregular and amitotic. (c) That no chromatiu leaves the egg in the stage of ovocyte I, to use Boveri's nomenclature. (d) That the female pronucleus completely disappears. (s) That there are no bodies that can be termed chromosomes throughout the whole process. (f) That the first segmentation nucleus is formed in a way (unknown) that must in any case be unlike anything hitherto described. Furthermore I believe, though I cannot state so positively, that: (g) A process takes place that may roughly be compared to the formation of polar bodies, but they disintegrate and do not leave the cell. So far as I have ascertained nothing in the shape of extrusion takes place. It is, however, curious to note that the nearest account that I have been able to find of like behaviour in an egg nucleus is that of Sfcoeckel.1 This author found in a human ovary certain of the ova containing large nuclei, the membrane of which, as a rule, was well marked, but "oft geht diese scharfe Abgrenzung auch verloren. Die Konturen werden unregelmässeg Zackig, verschwommen."...Stoeckel believed that these changes in form were the beginning of amitotic nuclear divisions, giving rise to binucleated ova, of which he found several. I know of no other assumption of the direct division of an egg nucleus before fertilisation. (h) The first segmentation nucleus is derived from the male pronucleus, though it is quite possible that chromatin equal in amount to that of the male may also be derived from the female pronucleus, though all trace of the latter has been lost. If the foregoing statements be only partially true, it is obvious that a great gulf is fixed between the maturation processes in the egg of Alcyonium and all hitherto described cases. For this reason I am very loth to do more than state the bare conclusions to which I have come. To the best of my belief, no author has described amitotic nuclear divisions in the formation of polar bodies. We seem to have to deal with perfectly abnormal conditions. Nevertheless we are forced to admit that the maintenance of the individual parental chromosomes in a fertilised egg-cell is not universal. On the contrary, all trace of the chromatin of the original egg nucleus is lost. Furthermore, there are several instances among the protozoa of the breaking up and reorganisation of the nucleus. This occurs in many Ciliates. For instance : In ‘Oxytricha and Lacrymaria’ Gruber has shown that the meganucleus breaks up into minute fragments which become scattered through the protoplasm, but eventually reunite into a single body. So much attractive speculation has been based on the ordinarily observed facts of maturation and fertilisation that we feel almost bound to assume that these processes are the same iu all metazoa. But it is obvious that in certain cœlenterates we have facts before us that cannot be brought into line with what we feel we have a right to expect. At present the affair is a mystery. Pending farther investigation it were unwise to speculate on the possible meaning of these phenomena, however much one may be tempted to do so. In case that what I have observed, and still more failed to observe, may induce some other zoologist to follow this cytological byeway, I can only hope that he will find this paper a path over which it may not be necessary to retrace his steps. There would seem to be four points to which attention should be specially directed: (a) The nuclear history of the germ-cells from their earliest "Anlagen." (b) The mode of formation of the polar bodies. (c) The actual penetration of the spermatozoon. (d) The way in which the first segmentation nucleus is built up. Lastly, I have but to express my sincere thanks to Professor Hickson for his kindness in allowing me the use of his material, preparations, and notes, and for the many fruitful suggestions that I have received from him.

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From Buddha to Tagore and Gandhi: Value-Creating Curricula in India

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.1138 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Namrata Sharma

Keyword(s):

Value Creation ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Well Being ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

Rabindranath Tagore ◽

Tsunesaburo Makiguchi ◽

The Many ◽

The Individual ◽

The Buddha

It is common practice to use theoretical frameworks developed in the West for education worldwide, but important contributions come as well from non-Western education perspectives that shed light on the emergence of ideas within given regional diasporas. Value creation serves as a valuable lens through which to examine the ideas and relevance of three thinkers from the Indian subcontinent—the Buddha (6th or 5th century bce), Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), and Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948). The term “value creation” encompasses a Japanese approach to curriculum (based on the work of Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, 1871–1944) that is founded on an interdependent view of life and aimed at developing learners’ capacity to enhance their own existence and contribute to the well-being of others. Using value creation as a lens to examine the contributions of the Buddha, Tagore, and Gandhi can allow for a discourse on the indigenous nature of their respective ideas that are rooted in Eastern philosophies based on similar interdependent worldviews. The emergence of alternative curricular in the Indian diaspora that are based on such interdependent worldviews, offer an integrated approach to education. A value-creating framework can be useful to examine the Indian educational scene and the many attempts that have been made for the individual learner to be the focus of education.

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