scholarly journals Animal and human innovation: novel problems and novel solutions

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1690) ◽  
pp. 20150182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Reader ◽  
Julie Morand-Ferron ◽  
Emma Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Nature ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Evolution Of Technology ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This theme issue explores how and why behavioural innovation occurs, and the consequences of innovation for individuals, groups and populations. A vast literature on human innovation exists, from the development of problem-solving in children, to the evolution of technology, to the cultural systems supporting innovation. A more recent development is a growing literature on animal innovation, which has demonstrated links between innovation and personality traits, cognitive traits, neural measures, changing conditions, and the current state of the social and physical environment. Here, we introduce these fields, define key terms and discuss the potential for fruitful exchange between the diverse fields researching innovation. Comparisons of innovation between human and non-human animals provide opportunities, but also pitfalls. We also summarize some key findings specifying the circumstances in which innovation occurs, discussing factors such as the intrinsic nature of innovative individuals and the environmental and socio-ecological conditions that promote innovation, such as necessity, opportunity and free resources. We also highlight key controversies, including the relationship between innovation and intelligence, and the notion of innovativeness as an individual-level trait. Finally, we discuss current research methods and suggest some novel approaches that could fruitfully be deployed.

Electoral reform and partisan dealignment in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fossati
Keyword(s):  
Local Politics ◽  
National Level ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Electoral Laws ◽  
Electoral Cycles ◽  
The Relationship

There is a vast literature on the effects of electoral institutions on party systems. Research on the relationship between electoral systems and the strength of partisan identities, however, is inconclusive, as existing work mostly focuses on individual-level factors. In this paper, we analyze the case of Indonesia to illustrate the links between electoral laws and patterns of mass partisanship. By exploiting variation over time (four electoral cycles), we show that deep-seated partisan affiliations weakened substantially with the introduction of open-list PR, a system that provides strong incentives to cultivate a personal vote. By analyzing variation across space (189 districts), we further document that partisan alignment has been more pronounced where personal voting is more prevalent. These findings suggest that electoral institutions are a powerful driver of partisan identities, and that the effect of institutional change at the national level may be contingent on local politics.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION AND SYMBOLIZATION IN ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION TODAY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Leão de Castro ◽  
◽  
Terezinha de Camargo Viana
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Qualitative Character ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Culture Of Consumption ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

"This theoretical study, of a qualitative character, proposes to investigate what the relationship between identification and symbolization is in adolescent depression today. The importance of discussing the theme is as a direct result of the alarming observation that, as an illness of epidemic proportions, it does not refer to a natural illness, whose origin is restricted to the individual level, but mainly refers to structural determinations present in society. In this sense, this work addresses the problem of understanding which identification and symbolization processes are present in a culture that has transformed depression among adolescents into a social symptom. In order to develop this, it expresses the main determinations that are present at puberty, discussing the processes of primary and secondary narcissism, the nature of identifications, mechanisms of the capitalist culture of consumption and its relationship with the processes of subjectivation, reflecting on the possibilities and obstacles of the social bond to offer and / or allow symbolization of anxieties and humanizing psychical work."

scholarly journals Social inequalities, labor, and health

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Gomez ◽  
Sônia Maria T. M. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Health It ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents a brief analysis of the social inequalities expressed in the relationship between health and labor. It focuses on the Brazilian context. It begins by approaching the conceptions present in the lines of investigation and intervention in this field of health. It considers an entire range of thinking, from the eminently biological and individual level to an understanding of the relationship between labor and health as a reflection of essentially social processes. The confrontation between conceptual advances, proposals for intervention, and the reality of health for Brazilian workers is the parameter for analyzing the activity of state institutions, companies, and workers' organizations. Based on the current situation outlined in this study, perspectives are identified for urgent and indispensable changes.

Modern Discrimination in Organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-282
Author(s):  
Mikki Hebl ◽  
Shannon K. Cheng ◽  
Linnea C. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Identity Management ◽  
Disability Weight ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Considerations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This review describes the history, current state, and future of modern discrimination in organizations. First, we review development of discrimination from the early 1900s to the present day, specifically discussing various stigmatized identities, including gender, race, sexual orientation, religion, disability, weight, and age. Next, we describe both individual-level (e.g., identity management, allyship) and organization-level (e.g., training, norm setting) strategies for reducing and reacting to discrimination. Finally, we describe future research directions in the relationship between subtle and overt discrimination, intersectionality, the impact of social media, and cross-cultural considerations—areas that we suggest would help us gain a more comprehensive understanding of modern discrimination.

scholarly journals A glorious warrior in war: Cross-cultural evidence of honor culture, social rewards for warriors, and intergroup conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-611
Author(s):  
Kengo Nawata
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Honor Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Intergroup Conflicts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Social Rewards

Previous research has shown that honor culture and honor ideology enhance interpersonal and intergroup aggressiveness at the individual level. This study aimed to examine collective-level relationships among honor culture, social rewards for warriors, and intergroup conflict. To demonstrate these relationships, I used the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, which contains data on 186 mainly preindustrial societies from all over the world. The analysis demonstrated that honor culture, which values males’ toughness and aggression, has a positive relationship with frequency of intergroup conflicts. In addition, social rewards (praise, prestige, and status) for warriors mediated the relationship between honor culture and frequency of intergroup conflict. These results imply that the collective-level processes of honor culture enhance intergroup conflicts through the social reputations of warriors who participate in war.

Area, Class and Health: Should we be Focusing on Places or People?

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Macintyre ◽  
Sheila Maciver ◽  
Anne Sooman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Health It ◽  
The West ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cultural Features

AbstractIn Britain there has been a long tradition of research into associations between area of residence and health. Rarely has this involved investigating socio-economic or cultural features of areas that might influence health; usually studies use area level data, for example about specific pathogens or about levels of deprivation, as surrogates for individual level data, rather than being interested in the areas themselves. This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between area and health. It advocates directly studying features of the local social and physical environment which might promote or inhibit health, illustrating this approach with some findings from a study in the West of Scotland, and suggests that improvements in public health might be achieved by focusing on places as well as on people.

scholarly journals The COVID States Project #43: COVID-19 vaccine rates and attitudes among Americans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lazer ◽  
Katherine Ognyanova ◽  
Matthew Baum ◽  
James Druckman ◽  
Jon Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Vaccine Refusal ◽  
Current State ◽  
Distribution Process ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Who has been most likely to be vaccinated? And who is most likely to be vaccine resistant? Among the early, eligible individuals, who has received the vaccine, and who has refused to be vaccinated? In this report we address these questions by examining the relationship between various sociodemographic categories and vaccination rates, vaccination resistance, vaccination hesitancy, vaccine accessibility, and vaccine refusal. We examine both the current state of these relationships, as well as changes in vaccine resistance over time. We find strong relationships between these vaccine outcomes at the individual level and age, education, income, race, partisanship, gender, and urbanicity. All of these relationships are statistically significant in a multivariable analysis; but education stands out as a particularly powerful predictor. The divergent vaccination rate likely partially reflects the complex distribution process for the vaccine that has hurt those with the least resources and knowledge to navigate that complexity. Further, the emphasis in many states on mass vaccination sites reduces the contact of vaccine skeptics with the person best able to discuss the benefits and risks of vaccination: their primary care physicians.

scholarly journals Social hierarchies and social networks in humans

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Redhead ◽  
Eleanor A. Power
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Dominance Relations ◽  
Group Perceptions ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Status Differentiation ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
Relative Standing

Across species, social hierarchies are often governed by dominance relations. In humans, where there are multiple culturally valued axes of distinction, social hierarchies can take a variety of forms and need not rest on dominance relations. Consequently, humans navigate multiple domains of status, i.e. relative standing. Importantly, while these hierarchies may be constructed from dyadic interactions, they are often more fundamentally guided by subjective peer evaluations and group perceptions. Researchers have typically focused on the distinct elements that shape individuals’ relative standing, with some emphasizing individual-level attributes and others outlining emergent macro-level structural outcomes. Here, we synthesize work across the social sciences to suggest that the dynamic interplay between individual-level and meso-level properties of the social networks in which individuals are embedded are crucial for understanding the diverse processes of status differentiation across groups. More specifically, we observe that humans not only navigate multiple social hierarchies at any given time but also simultaneously operate within multiple, overlapping social networks. There are important dynamic feedbacks between social hierarchies and the characteristics of social networks, as the types of social relationships, their structural properties, and the relative position of individuals within them both influence and are influenced by status differentiation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

scholarly journals Methods for Studying the Contextual Nature of Implicit Cognition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Environmental Context ◽  
Implicit Cognition ◽  
Sociology Of Culture ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter begins with the contention that many key theoretical questions in the sociology of culture depend on our understanding of the interaction of culture at the individual level, and forms of culture that exist publicly, external to individuals. A central assumption of this argument is that processes of implicit cognition, an aspect of how culture is stored at the individual level, depend on the social, physical, and cultural environmental of an individual. The chapter reviews findings and methods from multiple fields that can inform the study of the relationship between individual level implicit cognition and environmental context. I examine this relationship both in terms of how context informs the acquisition and the activation of implicit cognition at the individual level. Drawing on studies of implicit cognition measures in real-world settings, and laboratory and survey experiments, I discuss how these methods can be used to examine outstanding questions in the sociology of culture.

scholarly journals The Social Network within a Management Recruiting Firm: Network Structure and Output

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Gandal ◽  
Charles King ◽  
Marshall Van Alstyne
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

To understand the relationship between information flows and white-collar output, we collected unique data on email communications to study the network connecting individuals in a management recruiting firm. We also gathered data on revenues and contracts at the individual level. Our empirical results suggest that the size of an individual's internal email network is more highly correlated with output than with the number of email messages, the time spent communicating, the external network size, and with all other measures of communication. This result suggests that a more favorable position in the network structure is associated with higher individual output.

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