Area, Class and Health: Should we be Focusing on Places or People?

1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Macintyre ◽  
Sheila Maciver ◽  
Anne Sooman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Health It ◽  
The West ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cultural Features

AbstractIn Britain there has been a long tradition of research into associations between area of residence and health. Rarely has this involved investigating socio-economic or cultural features of areas that might influence health; usually studies use area level data, for example about specific pathogens or about levels of deprivation, as surrogates for individual level data, rather than being interested in the areas themselves. This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between area and health. It advocates directly studying features of the local social and physical environment which might promote or inhibit health, illustrating this approach with some findings from a study in the West of Scotland, and suggests that improvements in public health might be achieved by focusing on places as well as on people.

scholarly journals Remembering the West End: social science, mental health and the American urban environment, 1939–1968

Urban History ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDMUND RAMSDEN ◽  
MATTHEW SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Health It ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychiatric Theory ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT:Analysing the urban renewal of Boston's West End during the 1950s, we examine how psychiatrists, social scientists and urban planners understood the relationship between the urban environment and mental health. For psychiatrist Erich Lindemann, the West End offered a unique opportunity to study how acute stress and loss affected populations, thus contributing to social psychiatry, which sought to prevent mental illness by addressing factors in the social and physical environment. While Lindemann's project provided a sophisticated response to the often simplistic arguments about the cities and mental health, it also highlighted the challenges of applying social psychiatric theory in practice.

School variation in offending: A macro-level strain approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-722
Author(s):  
Julia Sandahl
Keyword(s):  
School Level ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This study employs Macro-level Strain Theory (MST) as a framework to provide a better understanding of the way in which the structural and social context of Stockholm schools covaries with self-reported violent and general offending. The findings contribute to the literature in this area by directing a special focus at the interplay between the theory’s macro-level components and some individual-level mechanisms that may be assumed to condition the effect of strain on offending. Using multi-level data on 4789 students nested in 82 schools (violent offending) and 4643 students nested in 83 schools (general offending) in the City of Stockholm, the study notes significant contextual effects of anger, meaninglessness and life dissatisfaction on offending. School-level deprivation appears to have a confounding effect on the relationship between school-contextual negative affect and offending. Further, school-contextual anger influences some individuals more than others. Implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals The Economic Pay-Offs to Informal Training: Evidence from Routine Service Work

ILR Review ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangmin Liu ◽  
Rosemary Batt
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Supervisor Training ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Telephone Operators ◽  
Productivity Gains ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Informal Training

This study examines the relationship between informal training and job performance among 2,803 telephone operators in a large unionized U.S. telecommunications company. The authors analyze individual-level data on monthly training hours and job performance over a five-month period in 2001 as provided by the company's electronic monitoring system. The results indicate that the receipt of informal training was associated with higher productivity over time, when unobserved individual heterogeneity is taken into account. Workers with lower pre-training proficiency showed greater improvements over time than did those with higher pre-training proficiency. Finally, whether the trainer was a supervisor or a peer also mattered: workers with below-average pre-training proficiency achieved greater productivity gains through supervisor training, while workers with average pre-training proficiency achieved greater productivity gains through peer training.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Local Neighbourhood Environment on Walking Levels during the Walking for Wellbeing in the West Pedometer-Based Community Intervention

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Robertson ◽  
C. Ward Thompson ◽  
P. Aspinall ◽  
C. Millington ◽  
C. McAdam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Neighbourhood Environment ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
The West ◽  
Environment Factors ◽  
Step Counts ◽  
Environment Variables ◽  
Walking Activity ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the relationship between walking levels and the local neighbourhood physical environment during the Walking for Wellbeing in the West (WWW) randomised pedometer-based community intervention. Walking activity was recorded as step counts at baseline (n=76), and at 3 months (n=57), 6 months (n=54), and 12 months (n=45) post-intervention. Objective physical environment data were obtained from GIS datasets and street surveys conducted using the SWAT audit tool. Sixty-nine environment variables were reduced to eight environment factors using principal axis factoring, and the relationship between environment factors and (i) step counts, and (ii) the change in step counts relative to baseline, was examined using hierarchical multiple linear regression, controlling for age, gender, income, and deprivation. Five environment factors were significant predictors of step counts, but none were significant predictors of the change in step counts relative to baseline. None of the demographic variables included in the analysis were significant predictors at any stage of the study. Total variance explained by the environment ranged from 6% (P<0.05) to 34% (P<0.01), with lowest levels during the initial stages of the study. The physical environment appears to have influenced walking levels during the WWW intervention, and to have contributed to the maintenance of walking levels post-intervention.

Membership in Party Organizations and the Problem of Decline of Parties

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
PER SELLE ◽  
LARS SVÅSAND
Keyword(s):  
Party Identification ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
New Parties ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Party Decline ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

This article questions assumptions in the literature dealing with party decline. First, European aggregate membership data do not support a general conclusion of party decline. Second, individual-level data for Norway demonstrate the complexities of the relationship between membership, party identification, activity in parties, and membership stability. Third, we discuss societal changes commonly associated with party decline, such as the rise of corporatism, the new political movements, and the rise of the electronic media. The aurthors argue that these developments change the structural position of parties (external) and the relationship between different levels of the party organization itself (internal). While such developments may lead to party decline, they also give party organizations new political maneuverability. Furthermore, the growth of new parties, the politicization of new arenas, and the nationalization of party apparatuses counteract the factors associated with party decline.

scholarly journals Local Political Context and Polarization in the Electorate: Evidence from the 2004 Presidential Election

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 21-45
Author(s):  
George Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Major Party ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Partisan Polarization ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Relationship

Political scientists have long examined the degree to which the American electorate exhibits partisan and ideological polarization and sought to explain the causal mechanism driving this phenomenon. Some scholars have argued that there is an increasing degree of geographic polarization of the electorate—that is, a large percentage of geographic units are becoming less politically heterogeneous. In this study, I argue that the two trends are related. Using individual-level data from the 2004 National Annenberg Election Survey, I examine the relationship between local partisan context and political attitudes using multilevel models. I find that, as the local political context becomes less competitive in national elections; those in the local political majority become more ideologically extreme, strengthen their partisan attachments, and hold more polarized attitudes toward the two major-party presidential candidates. These findings suggest that the growing geo- graphic partisan segregation of the electorate is an important source of ideological and partisan polarization.

scholarly journals Social inequalities, labor, and health

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Gomez ◽  
Sônia Maria T. M. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Health It ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents a brief analysis of the social inequalities expressed in the relationship between health and labor. It focuses on the Brazilian context. It begins by approaching the conceptions present in the lines of investigation and intervention in this field of health. It considers an entire range of thinking, from the eminently biological and individual level to an understanding of the relationship between labor and health as a reflection of essentially social processes. The confrontation between conceptual advances, proposals for intervention, and the reality of health for Brazilian workers is the parameter for analyzing the activity of state institutions, companies, and workers' organizations. Based on the current situation outlined in this study, perspectives are identified for urgent and indispensable changes.

Smartphones and Their Increased Importance in U.S. Presidential Elections

2019 ◽  
pp. 1203-1223
Author(s):  
Ramona Sue McNeal ◽  
Mary Schmeida ◽  
Lisa Dotterweich Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Relationship

Early researchers had predicted that the Internet might help to encourage political participation through its ability to make political information more accessible. Unfortunately, disparities in Internet access made it unlikely that the Internet would have much of an impact on voter turnout. Telecommunication technology has evolved and among these new advances is smartphones, which help to increase Internet access. The purpose of this chapter is to examine this argument by exploring the relationship between smartphone ownership and voting. This topic is explored using multivariate regression analysis and individual level data from the 2012 American National Election Studies. Findings suggest that smartphones are helping to increase voter turnout through their ability to facilitate other online activities such as visiting candidate websites and taking part in political discussion through social networking sites.

Smartphones and their Increased Importance in U.S. Presidential Elections

2017 ◽  
pp. 283-303
Author(s):  
Ramona Sue McNeal ◽  
Mary Schmeida ◽  
Lisa Dotterweich Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Relationship

Early researchers had predicted that the Internet might help to encourage political participation through its ability to make political information more accessible. Unfortunately, disparities in Internet access made it unlikely that the Internet would have much of an impact on voter turnout. Telecommunication technology has evolved and among these new advances is smartphones, which help to increase Internet access. The purpose of this chapter is to examine this argument by exploring the relationship between smartphone ownership and voting. This topic is explored using multivariate regression analysis and individual level data from the 2012 American National Election Studies. Findings suggest that smartphones are helping to increase voter turnout through their ability to facilitate other online activities such as visiting candidate websites and taking part in political discussion through social networking sites.

Social Injustice and Public Health

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Health It ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Sustainable Human Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The third edition of Social Injustice and Public Health provides a comprehensive, up-to-date resource on the relationship of social injustice to the broad field of public health. It includes 29 chapters and many text boxes on a wide range of relevant issues written by 78 contributors who are expert in their respective areas of work. The book includes many descriptions of social injustice and its adverse effects on health, supplemented with many tables, graphs, photographs, and case examples—and many recommendations on what needs to be done to address social injustice. Social Injustice and Public Health is divided into four parts. Part I describes the nature of social injustice and its overall impact on public health. Part II describes how the health of specific population groups is affected by social injustice. Part III describes how social injustice adversely impacts various aspects of health, such as infectious diseases, nutrition, noncommunicable diseases, mental health, and violence. Part IV broadly addresses what needs to be done, from a variety of perspectives, ranging from addressing social injustice in a human rights context, to strengthening communities, to promoting equitable and sustainable human development.

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