scholarly journals Urea-Triazone N Characteristics and Uses

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Clapp
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Stable Solution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Source

Urea-triazone nitrogen (N) is a stable solution resulting from a controlled reaction in aqueous medium of urea, formaldehyde, and ammonia which contains at least 25% total N. This N source contains no more than 40%, nor less than 5%, of total N from unreacted urea and not less that 40% from triazone. All other N shall be derived from water-soluble dissolved reaction products of the above reactants. It is a source of slowly available N. The rate of mineralization of urea-triazone is about 66% that of urea after 8 days when incorporated in a Munjor sandy loam. Ammonia volatilization losses of N applied as urea-triazone were about 41% of those from urea on a Cecil sandy loam in the first week after application. N leaching losses through saturated Yolo loam columns of urea-triazone were about two thirds that of urea or nitrate N. This N source has proven to be a safer and more effective material for direct application on plant foliage. Tomato growth was enhanced with foliar application of urea-triazone relative to that obtained from ammonium nitrate or urea. The stability of this N source from potential losses via ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching when soil applied is also documented by results from university trials.

Effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine through a soil profile

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Silva ◽  
K. C. Cameron ◽  
H. J. Di ◽  
N. P. Smith ◽  
G. D. Buchan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Macropore Flow ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lysimeter Experiment ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Experiments ◽  
Soil Pores

A field lysimeter experiment was conducted to determine the effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine N through soil. The lysimeters (500 mm diameter by 700 mm depth) used for this experiment were collected from Templeton fine sandy loam soil (Udic Ustochrept), which had been under ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture for 9–10 years. The effect of macropore flow on urine-N leaching was determined by leaching experiments under 0.5 kPa and 0 kPa water tensions (suctions) imposed on top of the lysimeter using a disc tension infiltrometer. The 0.5 kPa suction prevented soil pores >600 µm diameter from conducting water and solutes, while the 0 kPa suction allowed conduction under ‘field saturated’ condition. Pores >600 µm diameter transmitted about 98% of the total nitrogen (N) leached below 700 mm depth. The main form of N transmitted under 0 kPa was ammonium (NH4 -N), accounting for 10.5% of the total N applied at 0 kPa suction. This was significantly higher than the amount of NH 4 -N leached at 0.5 kPa suction, which accounted for 0.17% of N applied. The urea-N in the leachate reached 16 mg/L at 0 kPa suction, and accounted for 1.6% of the total N applied. No urea was detected in the leachate at the 0.5 kPa suction. The concentrations and amounts of nitrate (NO3 -N) leached were very low and did not differ between the two suctions. The forms and amounts of N leached were affected by the interactions of macropore flow and N transformations in the soil, and the environmental conditions during the two leaching events. From this work, it is recommended that stock should be removed 1–2 days before irrigation water is applied as this will allow animal urine to diffuse into soil micropores and thus decrease N leaching by macropore flow.

The potential of diverse pastures to reduce nitrogen leaching on New Zealand dairy farms

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Beukes ◽  
P. Gregorini ◽  
A. J. Romera ◽  
S. L. Woodward ◽  
E. N. Khaembah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Total N

The largest contributor to nitrogen (N) leaching from ryegrass-clover pasture based dairy farms is the surplus feed N excreted as urinary N (UN) onto pastures. Pastures consisting of mixtures of ryegrass, herbs and legumes (diverse pastures) have shown potential to yield similar DM, but with a lower N content and a higher water soluble carbohydrate : crude protein ratio compared with standard ryegrass–clover pastures. These diverse pastures have shown the potential to lower the UN excreted by dairy cows in short-term, late-lactation studies. This modelling study was designed to scale the results from component studies up to farm and over a full season to evaluate the potential of diverse pastures to become a suitable strategy for reducing N leaching on New Zealand dairy farms. The Molly cow model was tested against observed data from one indoor and one outdoor study where feeding diverse pasture resulted in UN (N excreted in urine g/day) reductions of 50% and 17%, respectively. The model predicted UN reductions of 23% and 17%. Farm-scale model scenarios, where 20% or 50% of the farm was sown with diverse pastures, resulted in 2% and 6% reductions in UN deposited onto paddocks. This reduction was smaller than expected with some system interactions related to seasonal feed supply, diet composition and total N intake being likely to play a role. The reduction in UN onto paddocks, together with a dilution effect from larger urine volumes per cow per day as a result of lower DM% of diverse pastures, resulted in N leaching reductions of 11% and 19% for the two scenarios, respectively. This potential to reduce N leaching needs to be evaluated further in the context of farm profitability when other aspects of diverse pastures such as yield, persistency, drought resistance and ability to extract N from the soil becomes part of the farm-system analysis.

Nutrient release from decomposing crop residues in soil: A laboratory experiment

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Scagnozzi ◽  
A. Saviozzi ◽  
R. Levi-Minzi ◽  
R. Riffaldi
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Immobilization ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Quantitative Changes

AbstractIn a 400-day laboratory experiment, soil was amended with rape, sunflower and soybean residues to monitor the quantitative changes in the main inorganic nutrients. Total N, available P, exchangeable K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in all the amended samples increased significantly. Generally, the increase in the amounts of these nutrients was maintained until the end of the incubation period, suggesting that the mineralization of the three crop residues enhanced soil fertility. In amended soil samples, disappeared within 14 days, while available N was released as after 60 days in soybean-treated and after 120 days in rape- and sunflower-treated soil, respectively. Water-soluble P was completely lacking in each treatment because of microbial immobilization and adsorption or precipitation processes in soil.

Fall-applied cattle manure did not provide nitrogen fertilizer value to spring cereal crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Leanne Ejack ◽  
Chih-Yu Hung ◽  
Joann K. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Growing Conditions

Fall-applied manure may have nitrogen (N) fertilizer value for spring-seeded crops. We applied liquid or solid cattle manure to plots on a sandy-loam soil in southern Quebec in fall. The following spring, half of each plot received urea fertilizer before planting the spring cereal crop. Total N content of the spring cereal at tillering, flowering, and maturity was lower in subplots without urea, and yields were up to 183% less in the no-urea subplots, regardless of whether liquid or solid manure was applied in fall. Fall-applied manure did not provide plant-available N to spring cereals under our growing conditions.

Nitrogen and organic matter losses during storage of cattle and pig manure

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. PETERSEN ◽  
A.-M. LIND ◽  
S. G. SOMMER
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Total N ◽  
C And N

Solid pig manure (240 g kg1 DM) and solid cattle manure (150-180 g kg1 DM) were stored in an open storage facility during spring-summer and autumn conditions for periods of 9-14 weeks during 1994 and 1995. Concentrations of C, N, P and K were determined prior to and after storage, corrected for dry matter losses and distance from the surface. Temperature and, in experiments with pig manure, gas phase composition inside the manure heap were monitored during storage. Nitrogen losses as ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission and leaching were measured, while total denitrification was estimated from mass balance calculations. For both cattle and pig manure there was little difference between seasons with respect to the pattern of decomposition, as reflected in temperature dynamics and C/N turnover. In contrast, there was a distinct difference between manure types. Pig manure was characterized by maximum temperatures of 60-70°C, although the concentrations of oxygen and methane clearly demonstrated that anaerobic conditions dominated the interior parts of the heap for several weeks. Losses of C and N from pig manure both amounted to c. 50%. In contrast, the temperature of cattle manure remained close to the air temperature throughout the storage period and cattle manure had lower, not significant losses of C and N. Leaching losses of N constituted 1-4% with both manure types. Ammonia volatilization from cattle manure constituted 4-5% of total N, and from pig manure 23-24%. In pig manure a similar amount of N (23-33%) could not be accounted for after storage, a loss that was attributed to denitrification. Nitrous oxide emissions amounted to <2% of estimated denitrification losses.

scholarly journals Effect of NPK Water-soluble Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Finger Millet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Senthilkumar ◽  
G. Gokul
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer

Background: The availability of macro and micronutrients added to the soil are affected by soil environmental factors leading to various losses. When a similar amount of fertilizer is applied through foliar application, its use efficiency is increased many folds. In the sandy loam soil, foliar applied fertilizers are up to 20 times more effective as compared to soil applied fertilizers. Water soluble fertilizer of 19:19:19 grade N: P: K is totally water soluble and present in crystalline powder form. It can be applied to the crop by fertigation or through foliar spraying. Instant uptake of nutrients by the plants resulting in significant and quick improvement in crop growth. Humic acid when applied to field converted into readily available humic substances which directly or indirectly effect the plant growth. Foliar application of nutrients along with soil application of nutrients increase the yield and to improve the quality of cereal crops .Keeping the aforesaid facts in consideration, the present investigation was carried out to study effect of NPK water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and yield attributes and nutrient uptake of ragi. Methods: The present investigation was carried out during January – May 2018 at farmers field, kamarajapuram village, Katpadi Taluk, Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. The experiments were laid out in RBD (Randomized Block Design), Ragi [Elusine coracana (L.) Gaertn], CO-14 variety were taken into study. The experimental soil was sandy loam, 10 treatments with replicated thrice. The soil and plant sample was collected periodically proceed with standard analytical and statistical method followed. Result: Our investigations the soil and foliar feeding of nutrients along with water soluble fertilizer and humic acid combined treatment T10 (Soil application of 50% RDN + foliar spray of 50% RDN and 100% P and K through water soluble fertilizer [on 20 and 40 DAT] + foliar spray of humic acid 0.1% [on 20 and 40 DAT]) was significantly superior in performance with respect to growth, yield attributes, quality and nutrient uptake by ragi. It can be recommended to farmers to achieve more benefit from finger millet.

scholarly journals Fertilization Methods Affect Growth, Color and Nitrogen Leaching of Winter Annuals in Landscape Beds

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Altland ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
James H. Edwards ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
Donna C. Fare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Water Leaching ◽  
Total N ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Winter Annuals

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate fertilizer formulations, methods of application, and frequency of application on growth of winter-grown landscape bedding plants and N leaching. In Expt. 1, ‘Majestic Giants White’ pansy (Viola xwittrockiana Gams.) and ‘Telstar Purple’ dianthus (Dianthus chinensis L.) were planted in raised beds. Four inorganic fertilizer formulations were applied at 4.9 g/m2 N (1 lb N/1000 ft2) either incorporated pre-plant or topdressed post-plant. Additional treatments included an industry practice (IP) of incorporating a granular water soluble (GWS) fertilizer pre-plant and topdressing a controlled release fertilizer (CRF) post-plant, and a pre-plant incorporation of an organically-based fertilizer (OBF) composed of recycled newspaper amended with chicken manure. In Expt. 2, similar treatments were applied to the following species: ‘Bingo Blue with Blotch’ pansy, ‘Telstar Crimson Picotee’ dianthus, and ‘Tall Red’ snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.). Across both studies, CRFs generally improved foliar color and plant size compared to GWS fertilizers, while reducing total-N in soil-water in some instances. The IP treatment provided superior foliar color and larger plants compared to other inorganically fertilized plants, while causing no more or less total-N in soil-water leaching below plant roots. Response to the OBF differed among the two experiments. The OBF resulted in adequate foliar color and plant size and reduced total-N recovered from soil-water in Expt. 1. However, it generally provided superior foliar color and size compared to all other treatments in Expt. 2, but also caused elevated levels of total-N in soil-water.

scholarly journals Soil and Thatch Microbial Populations in an 80% Sand : 20% Peat Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Mancino ◽  
Mohammad Barakat ◽  
Alison Maricic
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Source ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

This study examined the numbers of specific soil and thatch microbial populations in a U.S. Golf Association (USGA) specification sand-peat putting green of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) over 17 months. Changes caused by adding a water-soluble or bio-organic (water-insoluble, contains microbial inoculum) N source were examined. Thatch was found to contain 40 to 1600 times as many bacteria as the soil, 500 to 600 times as many fungi, and up to 100 times as many actinomycetes. Soil populations of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing anaerobes were similar and ranged from 103 to 105 per gram of dry soil. Adding the bio-organic N source increased soil fungal counts and thatch thickness when compared with the control (no N applied), but not as much as the water-soluble N source. The amendments had no effect on soil respiration, total organic carbon. or total N content.

Piggery pond sludge as a nitrogen source for crops 2. Assay of wet and stockpiled piggery pond sludge by successive cereal crops or direct measurement of soil available N

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kliese ◽  
W. M. Strong ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
N. W. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Variation Explained ◽  
Crop N Uptake

The appropriate use of wastes is a significant issue for the pig industry due to increasing pressure from regulatory authorities to protect the environment from pollution. Nitrogen contained in piggery pond sludge (PPS) is a potential source of supplementary nutrient for crop production. Nitrogen contribution following the application of PPS to soil was obtained from 2 field experiments on the Darling Downs in southern Queensland on contrasting soil types, a cracking clay (Vertosol) and a hardsetting sandy loam (Sodosol), and related to potentially mineralisable N from laboratory incubations conducted under controlled conditions and NO3– accumulation in the field. Piggery pond sludge was applied as-collected (wet PPS) and following stockpiling to dry (stockpiled PPS). Soil NO3– levels increased with increased application rates of wet and stockpiled PPS. Supplementary N supply from PPS estimated by fertiliser equivalence was generally unsatisfactory due to poor precision with this method, and also due to a high level of NO3– in the clay soil before the first assay crop. Also low recoveries of N by subsequent sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) assay crops at the 2 sites due to low in-crop rainfall in 1999 resulted in low apparent N availability. Over all, 29% (range 12–47%) of total N from the wet PPS and 19% (range 0–50%) from the stockpiled PPS were estimated to be plant-available N during the assay period. The high concentration of NO3- for the wet PPS application on sandy soil after the first assay crop (1998 barley, Hordeum vulgare) suggests that leaching of NO3– could be of concern when high rates of wet PPS are applied before infrequent periods of high precipitation, due primarily to the mineral N contained in wet PPS. Low yields, grain protein concentrations, and crop N uptake of the sorghum crop following the barley crop grown on the clay soil demonstrated a low residual value of N applied in PPS. NO3– in the sandy soil before sowing accounted for 79% of the variation in plant N uptake and was a better index than anaerobically mineralisable N (19% of variation explained). In clay soil, better prediction of crop N uptake was obtained when both anaerobically mineralisable N (39% of variation explained) and soil profile NO3– were used in combination (R2 = 0.49).

Effect of tillage practices and hay straw on ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizer solutions

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Al-Kanani ◽  
A. F. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Urea (U) fertilizer solutions applied on soil surface lose nitrogen through ammonia (NH3) volatilization, and such losses may be influenced by tillage practices and by the presence of crop residues. Ammonia measurements in corn (Zea mays L.) fields were initiated and continued for 9 d in July 1988 and 1989 to assess the effects of three tillage practices used in corn production (conventional, CT; reduced, RT; and zero tillage, ZT) and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) formulations on the volatilization of NH3 from UAN solutions. The UAN formulations were 33% U — 67% ammonium nitrate (AN) and 50% U — 50% AN. These UAN formulations indicate proportion, as percentage, of total N derived from U and AN, respectively. The experiments were conducted on two agricultural soils of Quebec [Macdonald sandy loam (Humic Gleysol), and St. Benoit sandy loam (Eutric Brunisol)]. Cumulative NH3 losses over 9 d ranged from 0.8 to 9.5% of applied N. On both soils, NH3 losses from 50–50 UAN were higher than the 33–67 UAN by 13.5, 14.6 and 23.9% on CT, RT, and ZT, respectively. Reduced NH3 loss with CT was attributed in part to lower crop residues than with ZT treatments. In a separate experiment to evaluate the effect of plant residues on NH3 loss, chopped timothy hay (Phleum pratense L.) was used to provide a greater surface cover and a uniform spreading of residues. Hay straw surface-applied to a conventionally tilled St. Benoit soil had to reach a threshold level somewhere between 750 and 1500 kg ha−1 to increase N losses compared to no added hay treatment. Key words: UAN solution, ammonia volatilization, tillage, hay straw

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