Effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine through a soil profile

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Silva ◽  
K. C. Cameron ◽  
H. J. Di ◽  
N. P. Smith ◽  
G. D. Buchan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Macropore Flow ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lysimeter Experiment ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Experiments ◽  
Soil Pores

A field lysimeter experiment was conducted to determine the effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine N through soil. The lysimeters (500 mm diameter by 700 mm depth) used for this experiment were collected from Templeton fine sandy loam soil (Udic Ustochrept), which had been under ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture for 9–10 years. The effect of macropore flow on urine-N leaching was determined by leaching experiments under 0.5 kPa and 0 kPa water tensions (suctions) imposed on top of the lysimeter using a disc tension infiltrometer. The 0.5 kPa suction prevented soil pores >600 µm diameter from conducting water and solutes, while the 0 kPa suction allowed conduction under ‘field saturated’ condition. Pores >600 µm diameter transmitted about 98% of the total nitrogen (N) leached below 700 mm depth. The main form of N transmitted under 0 kPa was ammonium (NH4 -N), accounting for 10.5% of the total N applied at 0 kPa suction. This was significantly higher than the amount of NH 4 -N leached at 0.5 kPa suction, which accounted for 0.17% of N applied. The urea-N in the leachate reached 16 mg/L at 0 kPa suction, and accounted for 1.6% of the total N applied. No urea was detected in the leachate at the 0.5 kPa suction. The concentrations and amounts of nitrate (NO3 -N) leached were very low and did not differ between the two suctions. The forms and amounts of N leached were affected by the interactions of macropore flow and N transformations in the soil, and the environmental conditions during the two leaching events. From this work, it is recommended that stock should be removed 1–2 days before irrigation water is applied as this will allow animal urine to diffuse into soil micropores and thus decrease N leaching by macropore flow.

Soil N process inhibitors alter nitrogen leaching dynamics in a pumice soil

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Menneer ◽  
Stewart Ledgard ◽  
Mike Sprosen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Macropore Flow ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lysimeter Experiment ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
On Farm

A field lysimeter experiment, using a free-draining pumice soil, was carried out to investigate the effect of different soil nitrogen (N) process inhibitors on the fate of 15N-labelled cow urine. The treatments were a urease inhibitor (Agrotain; N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide), 2 nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide, DCD; 4-methylpyrazole, 4MP), a combination (DCD+Agrotain), a urine control, and a nil urine. The inhibitors were mixed with cow urine, which was then applied in a single application (equivalent to 775 kg N/ha) to lysimeters in autumn and monitored over the following 196 days. DCD and 4MP similarly reduced nitrate leaching by 59%, from 114 to 47 kg N/ha compared with the urine control. Of the DCD applied, 58% of it (8.7 kg/ha) was recovered in leachate, and represented an N loss of 5.8 kg/ha. The presence of Agrotain reduced ammonia (NH3-N) emissions by 64% (equivalent to 70 kg N/ha) over the short term (first 20 days), but led to large leaching losses of urea-N (25 kg N/ha) over the medium term (76 days). The Agrotain-DCD combination resulted in even larger losses of urea-N (45 kg N/ha). The major N component measured in leachate (below 450 mm) was ammonium-N, which constituted about 60% of the average total N (205 kg N/ha) leached. Ammonium-N leaching was rapid and almost entirely driven by macropore flow processes. Further research is required in deeper soil profiles, and in relation to climatic risk of high early rainfall on fresh urine patches, to determine the importance of macropore processes on N loss under typical on-farm soil conditions.

Leaching of Oxyfluorfen in Container Media

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menashe Horowitz ◽  
Clyde L. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Experiments

Bentgrass was used to bioassay oxyfluorfen in leaching experiments done in columns of soilless potting media and soils, with herbicide incorporated into the upper 2 to 4 cm. Depth of herbicide leaching increased in order in the following soils: peat and sand (1:1) mix, Stockton clay soil, Yolo fine sandy loam soil, and redwood bark and sand (3:1) mix. Depth of leaching was not related to soil organic matter content. Equilibration experiments showed that peat adsorbed 4 to 5 times more oxyfluorfen than redwood bark. Less leaching was observed in potting mixtures containing peat than bark. Raising the oxyfluorfen dose from 20 to 200 ppmw increased the depth of leaching and concentration of herbicide in the leachate, while a 10-fold increase in water volume had only a limited effect. Twenty ppmw of oxyfluorfen incorporated in the top of a peat-containing potting medium has a low risk of leaching out of the container.

Impacts of projected climate change on productivity and nitrogen leaching of crop rotations in arable and pig farming systems in Denmark

2012 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. DOLTRA ◽  
M. LÆGDSMAND ◽  
J. E. OLESEN
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Emission Scenario ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Pig Farming ◽  
The Future ◽  
Loam Soil

SUMMARYThe effects of projected changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration on productivity and nitrogen (N) leaching of characteristic arable and pig farming rotations in Denmark were investigated with the FASSET simulation model. The LARS weather generator was used to provide climatic data for the baseline period (1961–90) and in combination with two regional circulation models (RCM) to generate climatic data under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B emission scenario for four different 20-year time slices (denoted by midpoints 2020, 2040, 2060 and 2080) for two locations in Denmark, differing in soil and climate, and representative of the selected production systems. The CO2 effects were modelled using projected CO2 concentrations for the A1B emission scenario. Crop rotations were irrigated (sandy soil) and unirrigated (sandy loam soil), and all included systems with and without catch crops, with field operation dates adapted to baseline and future climate change. Model projections showed an increase in the productivity and N leaching in the future that would be dependent on crop rotation and crop management, highlighting the importance of considering the whole rotation rather than single crops for impact assessments. Potato and sugar beet in arable farming and grain maize in pig farming contributed most to the productivity increase in the future scenarios. The highest productivity was obtained in the arable system on the sandy loam soil, with an increase of 20% on average in 2080 with respect to the baseline. Irrigation and fertilization rates would need to be increased in the future to achieve optimum yields. Growing catch crops reduces N leaching, but current catch crop management might not be sufficient to control the potential increase of leaching and more efficient strategies are required in the future. The uncertainty of climate change scenarios was assessed by using two different climate projections for predicting crop productivity and N leaching in Danish crop rotations, and this showed the consistency of the projected trends when used with the same crop model.

scholarly journals MITIGATION OF HEAT STRESS EFFECTS ON POTATO GROWTH BY CALCIUM AND NITROGEN APPLICATION DURING STRESS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 596f-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Tawfik ◽  
Jiwan P. Palta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Potato Growth ◽  
The Impact

The optimum temperature regime for Solanum tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank is usually 20/15°C day/night. We studied the impact of heat stress (30/25°C, day/night) on the growth of this heat sensitive cultivar under controlled conditions (UW-Biotron). Plants were grown in sandy-loam soil which tested at 1500 Kg/ha Ca. Plants were at the maximum temperature for 6h during the middle of the day with a photoperiod of 14 hrs. All pots received identical amounts of total N (rate: 225 Kg N ha1.). The treatments were: (1) NSN: non-split N (N application 1/2 emergence, 1/2 two wks later): (2) SPN: split-N (1/2 emergence 1/6 at 2, 5 and 8 wks later); (3) SPN+Ca: Split-N+Ca (Ca at 2, 5 and 8 wks after emergence, total Ca from CaNO3 was 113 Kg ha1). Total leaf FWT and DWT was significantly reduced in NS treatment by heat stress at 13 wks as compared to optimum conditions. However, this was not reduced in SPN and SPN+Ca. Under heat stress: (a) SPN + Ca gave the highest leaf FWT and DWT, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and leaflet tissue Ca content; (b) Young expanding leaflets gave higher growth rate with SPN and SPN + Ca than NSN; (c) Ca content of mature leaflet decreased progressively in both NSN and SPN but not in SPN + Ca. Our results show that application of Ca and N during heat stress can mitigate stress effects and that maintenance of a certain level of calcium in leaf tissue is important under heat stress.

scholarly journals Mineralization of pig slurry compost treated with retorted oil shale and dicyandiamide in two contrasting soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luanna Corrêa Monteiro ◽  
Celso Aita ◽  
Janquieli Schirmann ◽  
Stefen Barbosa Pujo ◽  
Diego Antônio Giacomini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Shale ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
N Immobilization ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
C And N

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate carbon and nitrogen mineralization in the soil after the application of composts produced in an automated composting plant, using pig slurry (PS) with and without the addition of retorted oil shale (ROS) and dicyandiamide (DCD) during composting. Laboratory studies were carried out for 180 days on two soils with contrasting characteristics: sandy-loam Typic Paludalf and clay Rhodic Hapludox, which were managed for more than 10 years under a no-tillage system. The composts were thoroughly mixed with the soils. The mineralization of the C and N from the compost was evaluated by measuring continuously CO2 emissions and periodically mineral N (NH4+ + NO3-) content in the soils, respectively. The mineralization of the C from the compost without ROS and DCD was higher in the sandy-loam soil (20.5%) than in the clay soil (13.9%). Similarly, 19.4% of the total N from the compost was mineralized in the sandy-loam soil and 10.9% in the clay soil. The presence of ROS in the compost reduced C mineralization by 54%, compared with the treatment without additives, in the sandy-loam soil and caused net N immobilization in both soils during incubation. The addition of DCD during PS composting did not affect the mineralization of the C and N from the compost in both soils. The addition of ROS during the composting of PS favors the retention of the C from the compost in the soil, especially in the sandy-loam one, but results in a net N immobilization.

Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Peppers (Capsicum annuum) Grown with Dairy Manure Compost and Fertigated Nitrogen

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 495c-495
Author(s):  
Nancy E. Roe
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Total N ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
N Rates

The use of compost as an organic source of nutrients and soil improvement may help to increase the sustainability of intensively managed vegetables. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants were planted into silver-colored polyethylene mulched beds in a sandy loam soil amended with 0 or 22.4 Mg·ha–1 dairy manure compost. Preplant P was added to all beds at 78 kg·ha–1. During the season, N (as NH4NO3) was added about every 10 days. Total N rates for the season were: 0, 32, 65, or 96 kg·ha–1. Percent of N in pepper leaf tissue increased from a low of 2.7% without N to3.8% at the high N rate. Leaf P concentrations were higher in 0 N plots than in other rates. Compost resulted in higher leaf concentrations of Ca. There was an interaction of compost and N rates for percent of culls. Compost increased percentage of culls with 0 or 32 kg·ha–1 N, but decreased or did not affect cull percentage at 65, or 96 kg·ha–1 N. Compost did not affect other yield parameters measured. Marketable yields increased from 11 Mg·ha–1 with 0 N to 18 Mg·ha–1 with high N, although the regression was not significant, due to extreme variability within the field.

Fall-applied cattle manure did not provide nitrogen fertilizer value to spring cereal crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Leanne Ejack ◽  
Chih-Yu Hung ◽  
Joann K. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Growing Conditions

Fall-applied manure may have nitrogen (N) fertilizer value for spring-seeded crops. We applied liquid or solid cattle manure to plots on a sandy-loam soil in southern Quebec in fall. The following spring, half of each plot received urea fertilizer before planting the spring cereal crop. Total N content of the spring cereal at tillering, flowering, and maturity was lower in subplots without urea, and yields were up to 183% less in the no-urea subplots, regardless of whether liquid or solid manure was applied in fall. Fall-applied manure did not provide plant-available N to spring cereals under our growing conditions.

Influence of dicyandiamide on nitrogen transformation and losses in cow-urine-amended soil cores from grazed pasture

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagrati Singh ◽  
S. Saggar ◽  
N. S. Bolan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
N Transformations

In New Zealand, urine deposited by grazing animals represents the largest source of nitrogen (N) losses, as gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and leaching of nitrate (NO3−).We determined the effect of dicyandiamide (DCD) on gaseous emissions from pasture with increasing rates of urine-N application, mineral N transformations and potential leaching of N using undisturbed soil cores of Manawatu sandy loam at field capacity. The treatments included four levels of urine-N applied at 0 (control), 14.4, 29.0 and 57.0 g N/m2 with and without DCD at 2.5 g/m2. Results showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in NH3 and N2O-N emissions as urine application was increased. The addition of DCD to corresponding urine treatments reduced N2O emissions by 33, 56 and 80%, respectively. The addition of DCD with urine to the intact soil cores at field capacity moisture content resulted in a significant increase in the soil ammonium-N (NH4+-N) concentration but little change in NH3 emissions. Addition of DCD to urine reduced potential NO3−-N leaching by 60–65% but potential NH4+-N leaching increased by 2–3.5 times. There was no difference in pasture dry matter production with and without DCD treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of organic amendments on nitrate leaching mitigation in a sandy loam soil of Shkodra district, Albania

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdona Demiraj ◽  
Angela Libutti ◽  
Jamarbër Malltezi ◽  
Evan Rroço ◽  
Ferdi Brahushi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Loam Soil

European lacustrine systems are frequently exposed to nitrate (NO3–) pollution causing eutrophication processes. An example of these lakes is Shkodra Lake, a large, shallow lake shared by Albania and Montenegro, in the Balkans Peninsula. Shkodra Lake is a natural sink that collects NO3– from agricultural activities, widely diffused in the surrounding area. The additions of wheat straw and biochar have been suggested to increase soil NO3– retention of agricultural lands. To better understand the role of these two organic soil amendments in mitigating NO3– leaching from arable lands, a pot experiment using a representative sandy loam soil of the Skodra Lake basin was performed. More specifically, a greenhouse experiment with Lolium multiflorum L. and Zea mays L., was carried out for three months, to evaluate the concentrations of NO3–-N in leachate and the cumulative leaching losses of NO3–-N, after wheat straw (10 Mg ha–1) and biochar (10 Mg ha–1) soil addition, under the same rate of NPK fertiliser (300 kg ha–1). The effect of the two organic amendments on nitrate retention, was evaluated according to two methods: i) Soil NO3–-N leaching with distilled water; and ii) Soil NO3–-N extraction with 2M KCl. The leached NO3–-N and the Potentially Leachable NO3–-N (2M KCl extraction) were respectively determined. N uptake by plants, as well as the Nitrogen Use Efficiency were also calculated. A retention effect on nitrate was found in Lolium multiflorum L. and wheat straw treatments compared to control, by reducing leached NO3–-N almost to 35%. In SBFL (soil+biochar+fertiliser+Lolium) treatment, biochar effectively reduced the total amount of nitrate in leachate of 27% and 26% compared to SFL (soil+fertiliser+Lolium) and SSFL (soil+straw+fertiliser+Lolium) treatments, respectively. The potentially leachable NO3–-N was two to four times higher than the leached NO3–-N. The amount of potentially leachable NO3–-N per hectare ranged from 220 in SL (soil+Lolium) treatment, to 500 kg ha–1 in SFL. N plant uptake values ranged from 18.16 mg kg–1 in the non- fertilised treatment to 58.06 mg kg–1 soil in SSFM (soil+straw+fertiliser+maize) treatment. The NUE showed a similar trend (from 0 in the non-fertilised treatment to 47.9 % in SSFM). Results indicated a mitigating action of biochar on leaching of NO3–-N (leached up to 100 kg ha–1), despite the retention effect of the two different amendments applied.

scholarly journals Urea-Triazone N Characteristics and Uses

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Clapp
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Stable Solution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Source

Urea-triazone nitrogen (N) is a stable solution resulting from a controlled reaction in aqueous medium of urea, formaldehyde, and ammonia which contains at least 25% total N. This N source contains no more than 40%, nor less than 5%, of total N from unreacted urea and not less that 40% from triazone. All other N shall be derived from water-soluble dissolved reaction products of the above reactants. It is a source of slowly available N. The rate of mineralization of urea-triazone is about 66% that of urea after 8 days when incorporated in a Munjor sandy loam. Ammonia volatilization losses of N applied as urea-triazone were about 41% of those from urea on a Cecil sandy loam in the first week after application. N leaching losses through saturated Yolo loam columns of urea-triazone were about two thirds that of urea or nitrate N. This N source has proven to be a safer and more effective material for direct application on plant foliage. Tomato growth was enhanced with foliar application of urea-triazone relative to that obtained from ammonium nitrate or urea. The stability of this N source from potential losses via ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching when soil applied is also documented by results from university trials.

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