scholarly journals The Potential Role of Exercise Training and Mechanical Loading on Bone-Associated Skeletal Nerves

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-277
Author(s):  
Stefano Negri ◽  
T. Jake Samuel ◽  
Seungyong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Exercise Induced

The spatial distribution, innervation, and functional role of the bone-associated skeletal nerves have been previously reported in detail. However, studies examining exercise-induced associations between skeletal nerves and bone metabolism are limited. This review introduces a potential relationship between exercise and the skeletal nerves and discusses how it can contribute to exercise-induced bone anabolism. First, the background and current understanding of nerve fiber types and their functions in the skeleton are provided. Next, the influence of exercise and mechanical loading on the skeletal nervous system is elaborated. Effective synthesis of recent studies could serve as an established baseline for the novel discovery of the effects of exercise on skeletal nerve density and bone anabolic activity in the future. Therefore, this review overviews the existing evidence for the neural control of bone metabolism and the potential positive effects of exercise on the peripheral skeletal nervous system. The influence of exercise training models on the relationships of sensory nerve signals with osteoblast-mediated bone formation and the increased bone volume provides the first insight on the potential importance of exercise training in stimulating positive adaptations in the skeletal nerve-bone interaction and its downstream effect on bone metabolism, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential in a variety of clinical populations.

The role of nervous system in adaptive response of bone to mechanical loading

2018 ◽  
Vol 234 (6) ◽  
pp. 7771-7780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yini Qiao ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Yimei Zhou ◽  
Fulin Jiang ◽  
Tu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Adaptive Response

Role of thermal and exercise factors in the mechanism of hypervolemia

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Convertino ◽  
J. E. Greenleaf ◽  
E. M. Bernauer
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Thermal Factor ◽  
Albumin Content ◽  
Exercise Induced

Our purpose was to determine whether the chronic increase in plasma volume (PV), resulting from heat exposure (HE) and exercise training (ET), was due only to elevated rectal temperature (Tre) or whether there were additional nonthermal factors related to the exercise. Eight men were divided into two groups. The HE group sat for 2 h/day (Tdb = 42 degrees C, 93% rh) for 8 consecutive days; Tre was raised by 1.72 +/- 0.04 degrees C to 38.5 degrees C each day. The ET group rode a bicycle ergometer for 2 h/day for 8 days (Tdb = 25 degrees C, 60% rh) at a load (60-65 Vo2max) that gave the same area under their Tre curve. PV increased by 177 ml (4.9%, P less than 0.05) in the HE group and by 427 ml (12.0%, P less than 0.05) in the ET group. This exercise-induced hypervolemia was associated with thermal factor(s) that contributed 40% and nonthermal factors that accounted for the remaining 60%. Some nonthermal, exercise-induced factors were twofold greater increases in plasma osmotic and vasopressin levels during exercise, and a fivefold increase in resting plasma protein (albumin) content.

Physiology in perspective: The Wisdom of the Body. Neural control of the kidney

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (3) ◽  
pp. R633-R641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald F. DiBona
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Renal Sympathetic

Cannon equated the fluid matrix of the body with Bernard’s concept of the internal environment and emphasized the importance of “the safe-guarding of an effective fluid matrix.” He further emphasized the important role of the autonomic nervous system in the establishment and maintenance of homeostasis in the internal environment. This year’s Cannon Lecture discusses the important role of the renal sympathetic nerves to regulate various aspects of overall renal function and to serve as one of the major “self-regulatory agencies which operate to preserve the constancy of the fluid matrix.”

scholarly journals Neural Control of Immunity in Hypertension: Council on Hypertension Mid Career Award for Research Excellence, 2019

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-628
Author(s):  
Daniela Carnevale
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
The Past ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

The nervous system and the immune system share the common ability to exert gatekeeper roles at the interfaces between internal and external environment. Although interaction between these 2 evolutionarily highly conserved systems has been recognized for long time, the investigation into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying their crosstalk has been tackled only in recent decades. Recent work of the past years elucidated how the autonomic nervous system controls the splenic immunity recruited by hypertensive challenges. This review will focus on the neural mechanisms regulating the immune response and the role of this neuroimmune crosstalk in hypertension. In this context, the review highlights the components of the brain-spleen axis with a focus on the neuroimmune interface established in the spleen, where neural signals shape the immune response recruited to target organs of high blood pressure.

scholarly journals PCSK9 and LDL-C: The Role of Exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-351
Author(s):  
Jaeho Jin ◽  
Wooyeon Jo ◽  
Ji Heon Noh ◽  
Sang Ki Lee
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Proprotein Convertase ◽  
Study Review ◽  
Exercise Induced

PURPOSE: Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a pivotal regulator of low lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL receptor (LDLR) metabolism, and the interest in PCSK9 has increased in cardiovascular diseases. Exercise reduces blood LDL-C via PCSK9-LDLR pathway in the liver and the vasculature. However, the mechanism of exercise-induced inhibition of PCSK is unclear. The aim of this review is to describe the role of exercise on PCSK9-LDLR axis in cardiovascular diseases.METHODS:This study review 34 previous studies focusing on the effect of exercise on PCSK9 in the human and animal.RESULTS:The effects of exercise and lifestyle intervention on hepatic and circulating PCSK9 are controversial. However, exercise consistently increases hepatic LDLR, and inhibits atherosclerosis via suppression of PCSK9 and LOX-1 in atherosclerotic region.CONCLUSIONS: Even though experimental data are still very limited, exercise training can improves blood LDL-C via inhibition of PCSK9 and enhancement of LDLR in liver and vasculature. The study of exercise on PCSK9 are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Metabolic Adaptations to Aerobic Exercise in Aged Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 533-533
Author(s):  
Tyler Marx ◽  
Anastasiia Vasileva ◽  
Stephen Hutchison ◽  
Jennifer Stern
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Glucagon Receptor ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract Aerobic exercise training is a potent intervention for the treatment and prevention of age-related disease, such as heart disease, obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes. Insulin resistance, a hallmark of Type 2 Diabetes, is reversed in response to aerobic exercise training. However, the effect of aerobic exercise training on glucagon sensitivity is unclear. Glucagon signaling at the liver promotes fatty acid oxidation, inhibits De novo lipogenesis, and activates AMP Kinase, a key mediator of healthy aging. Like humans, aging in mice age leads to a decline in physical and metabolic function. To understand the role of glucagon signaling in exercise-induced improvements in physical and metabolic function in the mouse, we implemented a 16-week aerobic exercise training protocol in young and aged mice. 16 weeks of exercise training initiated at 6 months of age increased markers of physical function (P<0.01) and attenuated age-related weight gain (P<0.05) and fat mass (P<0.0001). Additionally, exercise training improved glucose clearance (P<0.01), enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (P<0.01) and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation (P<0.05). Importantly, exercise training decreased hypoglycemia stimulated glucagon secretion (P<0.01), with no effect on hepatic glucagon receptor mRNA expression or serum glucagon. Thus, we propose that aerobic exercise training enhances glucagon sensitivity at the liver, implicating glucagon as a potential mediator of exercise-induced improvements in aging. Studies initiating the same aerobic exercise training intervention at 18 months of age in the mouse are currently underway to establish the role of glucagon receptor signaling in exercise-induced improvements in aging.

The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Neural Control of Nasal Fluid Production

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Lane ◽  
Jiri Prazma ◽  
Patrick J. Gibbons ◽  
Austin S. Rose ◽  
Harold C. Pillsbury
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Mucin Production ◽  
Glandular Secretion ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The production of nasal fluids serves an important role in the protection of the upper respiratory system, but can also be a troublesome symptom of rhinitis. The chief sources of nasal fluids are serous and mucous glandular secretion, epithelial goblet cell exocytosis, and exudation from submucosal blood vessels. This study was designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide in neurogenically mediated nasal vascular exudation and mucus secretion. A rat model of the naso-nasal reflex was developed in which one nasal cavity was challenged with histamine while albumin and mucin production were measured in the continuously perfused contralateral side. Histamine challenge was associated with a significant rise in contralateral albumin and mucin content. Perfusion with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) in the nasal cavity contralateral to nasal challenge was found to block albumin leakage, but not mucin secretion, on that side. The inhibition of vascular exudation was overcome by the addition of L-arginine, the natural substrate of nitric oxide synthase, to the perfusate. Treatment of the ipsilateral nasal cavity with L-NAME did not significantly alter the contralateral response. A high correlation was observed between albumin and mucin concentration in the perfusate. These findings indicate that NO is a mediator of the effector arm of the naso-nasal reflex that increases vascular permeability, but is not involved in the sensory nerve afferent pathway or in reflex mucin release. Further elucidation of the role of NO in nasal physiology may lead to novel pharmacotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.

The role of the autonomic nervous system in the development of exercise induced muscle damage: results of an RCT

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-869
Author(s):  
Johannes Fleckenstein ◽  
Philipp Bormuth ◽  
Fabio Comes ◽  
Winfried Banzer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Exercise Induced

scholarly journals Effects of Padel Competition on Brain Health-Related Myokines

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6042
Author(s):  
Francisco Pradas ◽  
María Pía Cádiz ◽  
María Teresa Nestares ◽  
Inmaculada C. Martínez-Díaz ◽  
Luis Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Brain Health ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Brain

Padel is becoming one of the most widespread racket sports that may have potential health benefits. Considering that several myokines mediate the cross-talk between skeletal muscles and the brain, exerting positive effects on brain health status, this study was designed to evaluate the responses of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and irisin (IR) to padel competition in trained players and to determine whether these responses were sex-dependent. Twenty-four trained padel players (14 women and 10 men with a mean age of 27.8 ± 6.3 years) participated voluntarily in this study. Circulating levels of BDNF, LIF, and IR were assessed before and after simulated padel competition (real playing time, 27.8 ± 8.49 min; relative intensity, 75.2 ± 7.9% maximum heart rate). Except for BDNF responses observed in female players (increasing from 1531.12 ± 269.09 to 1768.56 ± 410.75 ng/mL), no significant changes in LIF and IR concentrations were reported after padel competition. In addition, no sex-related differences were found. Moreover, significant associations between IR and BDNF were established at both pre- and post-competition. Our results suggest that while competitive padel practice stimulates BDNF response in female players, padel competition failed to boost the release of LIF and IR. Future studies are needed to further explore the role of these exercise-induced myokines in the regulation of brain functions and to identify the field sports that can contribute to myokine-mediated muscle–brain crosstalk.

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