scholarly journals A comparison of the gobiid fauna between a shoal and an island habitat in the central Visayas (Philippines)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus M. Stiefel ◽  
Alistair Merrifield ◽  
Matt Reed ◽  
David B. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Species Numbers ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Island Habitat ◽  
New Type

We surveyed the marine gobies of Malapascua island (Philippines), the surrounding islets and the nearby Monad shoal. We found 59 species in 19 genera, including 2 undescribed species of the genus Trimma, and 3 geographic and 6 depth range expansions. Furthermore we describe a new type of mimicry between the goby Koumasetta hectori and the cardinalfish Apogon nigrofasciatus. The comparison of the island versus shoal goby fauna showed a lesser species richness of shrimpassociated gobies at the shoal. This likely reflects the fact that hydrodynamic features of the environment play a dominant role in selecting which gobiid species, or their symbiotic shrimp, will be found in a certain location. We also observed a bias towards hovering species (of the genus Trimma) and away from shrimp-associated gobies at greater depths. These findings are in accord with the suspected shift of gobies towards planctotrophy with increasing depth. We furthermore compare this study to previous surveys of goby faunas, and plot the recorded species numbers against the survey areas. This species-area plot provides support for the notion of high speciation rates in gobies due to their low mobility.

scholarly journals Angiosperm speciation speeds up near the poles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Igea ◽  
A. J. Tanentzap
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Speciation Rate ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
Angiosperm Species ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractRecent evidence has questioned whether the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient (LDG), whereby species richness increases towards the Equator, results from higher rates of speciation in the tropics. Allowing for time heterogeneity in speciation rate estimates for over 60,000 angiosperm species, we found that the LDG does not arise from variation in speciation rates because lineages do not speciate faster in the tropics. These results were consistently retrieved using two other methods to test the association between occupancy of tropical habitats and speciation rates. Our speciation rate estimates were robust to the effects of both undescribed species and missing taxa. Overall, our results show that speciation rates follow an opposite pattern to global variation in species richness. Greater ecological opportunity in the temperate zones, stemming from less saturated communities, higher species turnover or greater environmental change, may ultimately explain these results.

Patterns of biological diversity

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-37
Author(s):  
Gary G. Mittelbach ◽  
Brian J. McGill
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Species Numbers ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Species Area Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines how biodiversity, the variety of life, is distributed across the globe and within local communities. It begins by considering some of the challenges associated with assessing biological diversity at different spatial scales. Then, three of the best-studied patterns in species richness are examined in detail—the species–area relationship, the distribution of species abundances, and the relationship between productivity and species richness. The chapter concludes with a detailed exploration of the most dramatic of Earth’s biodiversity patterns—the latitudinal diversity gradient. The above patterns constitute much of what community ecology seeks to explain about nature. Their study provides a foundation from which to explore mechanisms of species interactions, and to understand the processes that drive variation in species numbers and their distribution.

scholarly journals Reconciliation ecology and the future of species diversity

Oryx ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Rosenzweig
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Reconciliation Ecology ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitats ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Biogeographical Province

Species-area relationships (SPARs) dictate a sea change in the strategies of biodiversity conservation. SPARs exist at three ecological scales: Sample-area SPARs (a larger area within a biogeographical province will tend to include more habitat types, and thus more species, than a smaller one), Archipelagic SPARs (the islands of an archipelago show SPARs that combine the habitat-sampling process with the problem of dispersal to an island), and Interprovincial SPARs (other things being equal, the speciation rates of larger biogeographical provinces are higher and their extinction rates are lower, leading to diversities in proportion to provincial area). SPARs are the products of steady-state dynamics in diversity, and such dynamics appears to have characterized the earth for most of the last 500 million years. As people reduce the area available to wild species, they impose a linear reduction of the earth's species diversity that will follow the largest of these scales, i.e. each 1% reduction of natural area will cost about 1% of steady-state diversity. Reserving small tracts of wild habitat can only delay these reductions. But we can stop most of them by redesigning anthropogenic habitats so that their use is compatible with use by a broad array of other species. That is reconciliation ecology. Many pilot projects, whether intentionally or inadvertently espousing reconciliation ecology, are demonstrating that it can be done.

Numbers of plant species on the islands of Aldabra Atoll

1979 ◽  
Vol 286 (1011) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Island Ecosystems ◽  
Species Numbers ◽  
Island Effect ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Number Of Plant Species

The logarithm of island area accounts for 70 % of the variance in the number of plant species occurring on 100 lagoon islands. Two components of island altitude (altitude of the island rim and the logarithm of the island’s inland altitude) are also of importance, and account for 9 % of the variation in species numbers. A further 13 variables account for only an extra 5 % of the variance in the mixed model. These results resemble the findings of other island studies. In the equation S = K A z , z = 0.345 and falls within the range of expected values. The species-area curve gives little indication of the ‘small island effect’ found for other small islands; this may reflect, among other factors, the richness of the Aldabran flora when compared with those of the small island ecosystems already studied. The curve is also compared with that compiled by Williams (1964) and a discrepancy between the two is discussed. Woody plants are largely responsible for the increase of species numbers with increasing area. Species that are restricted to islands of particular sizes are listed and the characteristics of the frequencies of occurrence of the more common species are summarized.

scholarly journals Is polychaete diversity in the deep sublittoral of an Antarctic fiord related to habitat complexity?

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Pabis ◽  
Jacek Siciński
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Feeding Guilds ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Soft Bottom ◽  
Admiralty Bay ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Species Richness And Diversity ◽  
South Shetlands ◽  
High Species Richness

Is polychaete diversity in the deep sublittoral of an Antarctic fiord related to habitat complexity?Seventy-six species of Polychaeta were found in 19 quantitative samples collected in the deep sublittoral (200-500 m) of Admiralty Bay (South Shetlands). Three assemblages were distinguished by similarity analysis (clustering, nMDS). The soft bottom in depths from 200 to 300m was strongly dominated byMaldane sarsi antarcticaand had very low species richness and diversity. The second assemblage was distinguished in the areas of the sea floor in the same depth range but with aggregations of Ascidiacea and Bryozoa. It was again characterized by high abundance ofMaldane sarsi antarctica, but showed significantly higher species richness and diversity. Diversity of polychaete feeding guilds was also high in these areas. This pattern was probably associated with an increased habitat complexity due to the presence of dense aggregations of large suspension feeders. High species richness and diversity was also noted in the third assemblage, associated with the deepest sublittoral (400-500 m) of Admiralty Bay. This is the area characterized by very stable environmental conditions, where the assemblage was dominated byTharyx cincinnatus, Sternaspissp.,Maldane sarsi antarctica, andAsychis amphiglypta.

scholarly journals Birds of the family Motacillidae in Omsk and in the Omsk province: species richness, numbers and distribution

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
O. A. Odintsev ◽  
◽  
A. A. Odintseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
Species Numbers ◽  
The Family

The materials of year-round bird counts conducted by the authors in Omsk from September 2006 to Au-gust 2009 in nine habitats, as well as on the territory of four municipal districts of the Omsk Province from June 1 to August 10, 2020 have been analyzed. The species richness was studied, the analysis of the species numbers and distribution was carried out, and the abundance of Motacillidae on the territory of the studied administrative districts is indicated. Species sketches are given, in the compilation of which special attention is paid to the nature and duration of stay, as well as the distribution of birds by habitat. It was found that the encountered representatives of this family inhabit all studied biotopes, but some spe-cies are not evenly distributed.

Biogeography of island floras in the Great Lakes. I. Species richness and composition in relation to gull nesting activities

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 961-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Hogg ◽  
J. K. Morton ◽  
Joan M. Venn
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Species Area ◽  
The Difference

Species–area relations of vascular plants and the effect of nesting colonies of gulls on plant species composition were investigated for 77 islands in Georgian Bay and Lake Huron in the Great Lakes region of Canada. The percentage of plant species classed as alien, annual, or biennial was significantly greater on islands with gull colonies. The slope of the species–area curve was significantly steeper on islands supporting gull colonies compared with islands lacking gull colonies. The expected decline in species richness with increased island remoteness was not detected statistically using multiple regression analysis. The difference in species–area slopes does not appear to reflect a lower propagule immigration rate to islands with gull colonies, because gulls are important in the dispersal of alien plant species to these islands. Larger islands with gull colonies tended to have richer floras than islands of similar size without gull colonies. It is suggested that on these larger islands the presence of gull colonies produces a gradient of soil nutrient and disturbance regimes, thus increasing habitat heterogeneity and species richness.

scholarly journals Species Richness of the Family Ericaceae along an Elevational Gradient in Yunnan, China

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Hua Wang ◽  
Yan-Fei Cai ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Chuan-Kun Xu ◽  
Shi-Bao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Variation Partitioning ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
The Family ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Upper Third

Knowledge about how species richness varies along spatial and environmental gradients is important for the conservation and use of biodiversity. The Ericaceae is a major component of alpine and subalpine vegetation globally. However, little is known about the spatial pattern of species richness and the factors that drive that richness in Ericaceae. We investigated variation in species richness of Ericaceae along an elevational gradient in Yunnan, China, and used a variation partitioning analysis based on redundancy analysis ordination to examine how those changes might be influenced by the mid-domain effect, the species-area relationship, and climatic variables. Species richness varied significantly with elevation, peaking in the upper third of the elevational gradient. Of the factors examined, climate explained a larger proportion of the variance in species richness along the elevational gradient than either land area or geometric constraints. Species richness showed a unimodal relationship with mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation. The elevational pattern of species richness for Ericaceae was shaped by the combined effects of climate and competition. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential effects of climate change on species richness for Ericaceae.

Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: species-area effects

Paleobiology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. John Sepkoski
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Species Numbers ◽  
Habitat Area ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Total Correlation ◽  
Area Effects ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Species Area

Raup's (1976a) data on Phanerozoic species numbers are examined for species-area relationships, using published estimates of areas of continental seas. By means of multiple regression, species numbers are regressed on both estimated areas of seas and amounts of available rock for sampling, as measured by outcrop area and rock volume. Although the sampling effects apparently have the strongest influence on fossil species diversity, areas of seas substantially increase the total correlation, suggesting that Phanerozoic species numbers were in equilibrium with habitat area. This is further supported by the fact that estimated parameters in the regressions are fairly consistent with established island biogeographic theory. Much of the remaining residual variation can be explained by periods of disequilibrium.

scholarly journals Plant inhabiting mites (Acari) from the Cerrado biome of Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2061 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETERSON R. DEMITE ◽  
REINALDO J. F. FERES ◽  
ANTONIO C. LOFEGO ◽  
ANIBAL R. OLIVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Specific Identification ◽  
Cerrado Biome ◽  
Frequent Species

This study reports on the mites associated with plants in two Cerrado formations: Cerradão and Riparian Forest, located in Itiquira, in the southern region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. A total of 67 mite species was collected, belonging to 20 families in the suborders Gamasida, Actinedida, Acaridida and Oribatida. Phytoseiidae (13 species) and Tarsonemidae (11 species) were the families with the greatest richness. Iphiseiodes zuluagai (Denmark & Muma) (Phytoseiidae), Lamellobates (Lamellobates) sp. (Oribatida, Austrachipteriidae) and Agistemus sp. (Prostigmata, Stigmaeidae) were the most frequent species, collected on eleven, ten and nine plant species, respectively. Among the plants found during the fieldwork, the plant species Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud. (Caesalpinaceae), collected in the Riparian Forest formation, contained the highest species richness (28 species). The specific identification of approximately 70% of the taxa collected was not possible. For these reasons, surveys of mites in natural areas that include estimates of the ratio of undescribed species are important, because they provide a panorama of the great diversity of unknown mite fauna in these environments.

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