Patterns of biological diversity
This chapter examines how biodiversity, the variety of life, is distributed across the globe and within local communities. It begins by considering some of the challenges associated with assessing biological diversity at different spatial scales. Then, three of the best-studied patterns in species richness are examined in detail—the species–area relationship, the distribution of species abundances, and the relationship between productivity and species richness. The chapter concludes with a detailed exploration of the most dramatic of Earth’s biodiversity patterns—the latitudinal diversity gradient. The above patterns constitute much of what community ecology seeks to explain about nature. Their study provides a foundation from which to explore mechanisms of species interactions, and to understand the processes that drive variation in species numbers and their distribution.